Echinoderms
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| What kind of endoskeleton does an echinoderm have? | hard, spiny, or bumpy
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| What covers the endoskeleton? | a thin epidermis
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| What are rays? | long tapered arms covered with rounded spines
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| What is the endoskeleton of echinoderms made up of? | calcium carbonate
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| What are pincers of echinoderms called? | pedicellariae
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| What are the pedicellariae used for? | protection and cleaning
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| What type of symmetry do echinoderms have? | radial
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| What does radial symmetry allow all echinoderms to do? | use their senses in all directions
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| What type of system do echinoderms have? | water vascular
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| How does the water vascular system work? | using water pressure
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| What is a madreporite? | A disk-shaped opening, like a sieve, through which water enters and exits an echinoderm.
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| What does the madreporite keep from getting in the echinoderm? | large particles
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| What four things does the madreporite allow the echinoderm to do? | 1. move
2. take in oxygen
3. capture food
4. release waste
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| What are the appendages of echinoderms covered in? | tube feet
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| What are tube feet like? | tiny suction cups
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| What are located at the base of the tube feet? | ampulla
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| What do ampulla act like? | the bulb of a dropper
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| What do the ampulla work? | the suction cups of the tube feet
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| Do tube feet work independently? | yes
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| What three things are tube feet used for? | 1. movement along the ocean bottom
2. gas exchange
3. waste removal (diffusion)
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| What are the 4 things that make up an echinoderm's digestive system? | 1. mouth
2. stomach
3. intestines (digestive gland)
4. anus
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| What do carnivores eat? | meat, such as, shrimp, small fish, clams, mollusks, and sea worms
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| What do herbivores eat? | plants, such as seaweed and kelp
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| What do scavengers eat? | waste products, dead animals, and decaying matter
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| Instead of having a head or brain, echinoderms have a: | nerve ring around their mouth
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| How does the nerve ring work? | nerves branching to each ray form nerve nets, and relay sensory information to the ring
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| What are modified cells that detect light? | eye spots
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| What type of symmetry do the larvae of echinoderms have? | bilateral
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| What process do the larvae use to become adults? | metamorphosis
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| Are echinoderms deuterostomes or protostomes? | deuterostomes
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| Where doesn't the mouth of the echinoderm form? | on the gastrula
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| What is an endoskeleton? | calcium carbonate plates found under the epidermis; they can be loosely touching (flexibility) or they can slide tight into place (rigidity)
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| What controls water flow from the water vascular system? | madreporite
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| What are like suction cups, and are used for movement or opening prey? | tube feet
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| What are located on the tips of the rays? | eyespots
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| What makes digestive enzymes? | digestive gland
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| What is pushed outside the mouth to engulf food, then break it down and absorb it? | stomach
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| What excretes waste? | anus
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| How many rays do most sea stars have? | 5 rays, although some have more than 40
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| How does regeneration work in brittle stars? | it helps them survive predation, due to pieces of the ray easily breaking off and predators eating the pieces; the star gets away and grows a new one
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| How are the tube feet used in brittle stars? | they are used for propulsion, as the brittle star doesn't walk on the ocean bottom
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| How are sea urchins or sand dollars shaped? | globe or disk-shaped
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| Where are sand dollars' modified tube feet and gills located? | on the flower pattern on its surface
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| How do sea cucumbers distract predators? | they release a sticky group of tubes from their anus or expel internal organs
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| Can a sea cucumber regenerate any organ? | yes
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| How does external fertilization in sea cucumbers work? | eggs and sperm are released into the water
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| What do sea lilies and feather stars resemble? | plants
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| When are feather stars sessile? | during the larva stage
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| How are the arms of adult feather stars used? | to swim
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| When and where were two types of sea daisies found? | in 1986 in New Zealand
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| How are sea daisies shaped? | flat and disk-like
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| How big are sea daisies? | less than one centimeter in diameter
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| Where are a sea daisies' tube feet found? | on the edges
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| Define: open | blood isn't contained in vessels; it flows loose inside the body cavity and tissue spaces
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| Define: indirect development | offspring hatch as larva and must change into their adult form
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| Define: radial symmetry | body parts are arranged around a central axis
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| Define: endoskeleton | skeleton found inside the body
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| Define: bile | green digestive enzyme that breaks down fat
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| Define: coelom | space that surrounds internal organs
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| Define: echinoderm | radial symmetry; has an endoskeleton, water vascular system, and tube feet; example: sea star, urchin, or cucumber
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| Define: ossicle | calcium carbonate plates that form the endoskeleton
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| Define: tube feet | fluid filled; used in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and nitrogen excretion
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| Define: pedicellariae | small pincer-like structure on the surface; keeps the surface clean
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| Define: dorsal | surface opposite the mouth; back
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| Define: chordate | have a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and a postanal tail
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| Define: eyespot | light-sensitive pigmented spot
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| Define: rays | long, tapering arms
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| Define: test | external protective shell
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| Define: ganglion | mass of nerve cells
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| Define: madreporite | opening through which water enters the water vascular system
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| Define: ampulla | controls water entering and leaving tube feet; bulb-like sac
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| Define: stone canal | connects madreporite and ring canal; part of the water vascular system
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| Define: ventral | surface on which the mouth is located; front
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| Define: nerve ring | encircles mouth of sea star
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| Define: water vascular system | network of water-filled canals
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| Define: ambulacral groove | groove on oral surface that holds tube feet
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| Define: radial canal | part of water vascular system; runs along ambulacral ridge
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| Define: radial nerve | runs inside the ambulacral ridge in each arm of a starfish
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| Define: external fertilization | egg and sperm unite outside the female's body
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| Define: deuterostome | embryonic blastula becomes the anus
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| Define: marine | organism lives in the ocean
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| Define: skin gills | hollow tubes that project from surface in which gas exchange and nitrogen excretion takes place
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| Define: invertebrate | without a backbone
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| Define: pyloric stomach | connected to the digestive gland
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| Define: bipinnaria | winged larva in echinoderms
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| Define: hemolymph | fluid circulated through an open circulatory system
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| Define: cardiac stomach | extruded through the mouth during feeding
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| Define: hemocoel | hemolymph-filled space or body cavity
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| Define: pentaradial | symmetry in which parts extend outward along 5 spokes
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| Define: direct development | offspring start as small version of adults
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| Define: closed | blood is contained in vessels
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| Do invertebrate chordates have a backbone? | no
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| Do invertebrate chordates have a dorsal hollow nerve chord? | yes
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| Do invertebrate chordates have a notochord? | yes
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| Do invertebrate chordates have pharyngeal pouches? | yes
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| Where is the notochord located in an embryo? | between the digestive system and the nerve chord
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| What is the notochord made of? | fluid wrapped in rigid tissue
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| In vertebrate chordates, what does the notochord become? | back bone
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| What does the notochord form from? | the mesoderm
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| What is the notochord the place for? | muscle attachment and movement
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| What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord made of? | cells that surround a fluid-filled canal
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| Where is the dorsal hollow nerve cord located? | above the notochord
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| In vertebrate chordates, what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord become? | the brain and spinal cord
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| What do all invertebrate and vertebrates have as embryos? | pharyngeal pouches
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| What does the pharyngeal pouches become in aquatic chordates? | gill slits
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| What does the pharyngeal pouches become in terrestrial chordates? | the jaw, inner ear, and tonsils
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| What is the tail moved by? | muscle blocks
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| What are homeotic genes? | genes that hold directions on how to make specific body tissues and organs
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| What are tunicates? | sea squirts
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| Do tunicate larvae have tails? | yes
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| Rather than eat, what do tunicate larvae do when the hatch? | swim
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| How do tunicates protect themselves? | by making an outer covering from cellulose called a tunic
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| What are gill slits used for? | respiration
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| When tunicates are bothered, what do they do? | squirt out water
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| How do lancelots spend most of their lives? | buried in the sand, with an exposed head-like appendage
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| How many layers of skin do lancelots have? | one
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| What is an excurrent siphon? | where water exits a tunicate
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| What is the pharynx? | the throat cavity; it is lined with cilia and gills slits
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| What does the cilia do? | move water through the tunicate
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| What does the heart do? | pumps blood in one direction for several minutes, then reverses direction
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| What is the ciliated groove? | food gets trapped there and mixed with mucous; then the food and mucous are moved to the intestines
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| What is the incurrent siphon? | the top hole where the water enters; the mouth
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| Organisms in which the embryonic blastopore becomes the anus are called ______ | deuterostomes
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| Echinoderms are the only ______ | invertebrate deuterostomes
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| The sieve-like opening to the water vascular system is called the ______ | madreporite
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| Hollow skin extensions through which gas exchange and excretion takes place are called _____ | skin gills
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| type of symmetry seen in adult starfish | radial
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| In a starfish, the ______ stomach is connected to the mouth and extruded through the mouth during feeding. | cardiac
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| another name for the dorsal surface of a seastar | aboral
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| The surface on a starfish where the anus is located is the ______ surface. | aboral
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| The surface on a starfish where the ambulacral ridge is located is the ______ surface. | oral
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| The ability to regrow lost body parts is called ______. | regeneration
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| Organisms is which the embryonic blastopore becomes the mouth are called ______. | protostomes
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| Body system consisting of a network of water filled canals found in echinoderms | water vascular system
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| Small pincer-like structures on the skin at the base of the spines which keep the starfish's surface clean are called ______. | pedicellariae
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| Small calcium carbonate plates that make up the endoskeleton of an echinoderm are called ______. | ossicles
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| Type of symmetry seen in starfish larvae | bilateral
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| In a starfish, the ______ stomach is connected to the digestive glands and stays in the body during feeding. | pyloric
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| another name for the ventral surface in a sea star | oral
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| The surface on a starfish where the mouth is located is the ______ surface. | oral
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| The surface on a starfish where the ambulacral groove is located is the ______ surface. | oral
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| Name 2 structures found inside the ambulacral ridge. | radial nerve and radial canal
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| Starfish have ______ development. | indirect
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| Name the part of the nervous system that encircles a starfish's mouth. | nerve ring
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| Starfish have ______ circulation. | open
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| Name the structures at the tips of each arm that sense dark and light. | eyespots
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| Echinoderms belong in the kingdom ______. | animalia
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| Give a function for the skin gills. | gas exchange; nitrogen excretion
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| A bulb-like sac that squeezes to control the amount of water in the tube feet is called ______. | ampulla
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| The ring canal is part of the ______ system. | water vascular
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| The ampullae are part of the ______ system. | water vascular
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| Name a body part that functions in gas exchange in a starfish. | tube feet; skin gill
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| The main function of the ampullae is to ______. | control water going to tube feet
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| Name the part of the water vascular system that encircles a starfish's mouth. | ring canal
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| The name Echinodermata comes from the Latin words meaning ______. | spiny skin
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| Name the surface structures that give echinoderms their name and provide protection. | spines
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| The kind of skeleton found in echinoderms | endoskeletons
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| The stomach is part of the ______ system. | digestive
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| The nerve ring is part of the ______ system. | nervous
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| Name the body part that absorbs nutrients in a starfish. | digestive gland
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| Which echinoderms are sessile? | sea lilies and feather stars
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| Which organism expels its internal organs to scare off predators? | sea cucumber
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| What traps food in mucous in sea squirts? | ciliated groove
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| What is the protective covering of sea squirts? | tunic
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| What moves the tail of invertebrate chordates? | muscle blocks
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| What are the genes that hold the directions to create specific body parts? | homeotic genes
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| What do pharyngeal pouches become in vertebrate chordates? | jaw, inner ear, tonsils
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| What becomes gill slits in lancelets and sea squirts? | pharyngeal pouches
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| Since the mouth of vertebrates is not made from the opening in the gastrula, they are called ______. | deuterostomes
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| How do echinoderms find their prey? | chemical signatures
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| How do echinoderms detect light? | eyespots
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| Which heterotrophic level can echinoderms be classified under? | carnivores, herbivores, and scavengers
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| What serves as muscle attachments in invertebrate chordates? | notochord
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| What controls water flow to the tube feet? | ampulla
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| The nervous system of echinoderms is made up of what? | no brain; a nerve ring surrounds the mouth and nerve nets branch out into the rays
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| The notochord forms after the gastrula from what? | mesoderm
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| What moves water into the body of an echinoderm? | the water vascular system (madreporite)
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| The endoskeleton of echinoderms is made from what? | calcium carbonate
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| A structure that functions as a backbone in invertebrate chordates is what? | dorsal hollow nerve chord
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| What has a notochord and pharyngeal pouches? | invertebrate chordates
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| What has a skeleton made of calcium carbonate and pedicellariae? | sea star
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| Spiny skinned organisms that have a water vascular system belong to which phylum? | Echinodermata
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| Teeth-like structures found in the mouths of sea urchins that are used for rasping algae are called what? | Aristotle's lantern
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| The tunic of sea squirts is composed of which material? | cellulose
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| A sea squirt uses its ______ for food collection and gas exchange. | pharynx
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