Science Unit 4-7 th grade
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| DNA | genetic material that store information passed on from the parent, based in the nucleus,
*doubled stranded
*deoyxribose sugar
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| RNA | is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins,
*Role in Protein Synthesis
*takes place on the Ribosomes in cystoplasm.
*starts in nucleus
is the one single stranded,
*ribosome suga
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| Relationship between Amino Acids and Protiens | The order nucleotides determine the order of amino acids, which then form protiens
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| Main function of a gene | controls the production of proteins in the organism's cell
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| Codons | a sequence of three nucleotides that together form an unit of genetic code in DNA or RNA molecules
*used to IDENTIFY amino Acids
in the mRNA
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| Anti-codons | a sequence of three codons in the tRNA molecules that correspond to complementary codon in the mRNA
*Used to CARRY the amino acids
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| Protein Synthesis | Production of protein is called
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| where does protein production take place | on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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| mRNA (messenger) | COPIES the instruction of the DNA in the nucleus and carries these codon to the ribosome
part of transcription process
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| tRNA (transfer) | CARRIES the Amino acids to the ribosomes.
shaped a certain way that one end can attach to a specific amino acid- other side is a triple base (anti-codon)
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| rRNA (ribosomal) | molecule in the cell that COMPOSES the ribosomes
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| how do the bases differ in DNA and RNA? | DNA- ATCG-Thymine
RNA- AUCG- uracil
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| Transcription | 1 strand of DNA molecule is used to make a single-strand molecule of RNA
The process of transferring the nucleotides from DNA to the codon RNA.
ONLY individual genes are transcribed, not all of DNA
A-U, T-A, G-C
mRNA
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| Replication | DNA copies itself before the cell divides
1. 2 DNA strands separate.
2. nucleotides match up to the open strand
3. c-G, T-a
4. 2 identical DNA molecules are formed.
5. each molecule has 1 old strand and 1 new strand
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| How many templates are used in replication? | 2 templates
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| what does DNA replication produce? | 2 identical DNA molecules following the rules of pairing
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| where does DNA replication happen? | Interphase (S phase)
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| Semi-Conservative model | Watson and Crick showed the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each function as a template for synthesis of a- new complementary strand
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| translation | Assembly of the Amino ACIDS To MAKE PROTEINS
Replication and transcription involved translating along information that is coded in the language of nucleotides bases to Amino acids.
3 base= 1 Amino Acid
tRNA
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| Where does translation take place | proteins are made on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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| Where does Transcription take place | in the nucleus
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| Ribosomes | are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
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| What dos Translation produce | assembles the amino acids into their proper sequence to form protein
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| steps of Protein synthesis | 1 mRNA Transcription (copy of the DNA to mRNA)
2. mrNA attaches to Ribosome in cytoplasm
3. Translation (copy of the codon to anticodon to carrying amino acids, to form protien)
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| Start codon | AUG (MET)
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| Stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA
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| mutation | Changes made to the DNA
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| what percentage of DNA in the person's cell are the same | 99.9%
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| What percentage of the DNA in a person's cells are genes? | 5%
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| 3 possible outcomes of mutation | no effect, minor, great
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| no effect (mutation) | Mutation does not change protein. it stays neutral- since some amino acids have more than one code, a mutation may not change the resulting protein.
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| Minor (mutation) | a change in the gene can affect apperance, skin color, eye color
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| Great(major mutation) | causes genetic disorders- passed down to offspring by germ (gamete) cell. seffects can be good, plant having increase resistance to diseases or bad to have an illness.
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| what proof reads DNA | certain enzyemes
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| are all mutations harmful | no some can be a benefit to the organism, to make them resistance to a pesticides or other disease only 5% of the human DNA is genes, if it occurs in the noncoding region of DNA, then chances are the mutation will have no effect.
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| Mutation in somatic cells | mutation of the body cells
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| mutation in the Germ cells | mutation in the sex cells, gametes more harmful. they can be passed on to offsprings.
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| Chromosomal mutations | changes the structure of the chromosomes
*loss or gain
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| what are the 5 main types of chromosomal mutation? | Deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation, non-disjunction
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| Deletion (chromosomal mutation) | due to breakage of chromosome, a piece of the chromosome is lost
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| Inversion (chromosomal mutation) | Chromosome segment breaks off,
segment flips around backwards,
segment reattaches
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| Duplication(chromosomal mutation) | occurs when a gen sequence is repeated
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| Translocation (chromosomal mutation) | involves 2 chromosomes that are not homologous,
part of the one chromosomes is transferred to another chromosomes
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| non-disjunction (chromosomal mutation) | failure of the chromosome to separate during meiosis.
causes the gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes
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| Gene mutation | *change in the nucleotides sequence of genes
* may only involve a single nucleotide,
*may be due to copying errors, chemicals or virus
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| prime time for mutations to occure | meiosis
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| 5 main types of gene mutation | Point mutation, frameshift, insertion, deletion, subsitution
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| point mutation (gene mutation) | change of a SINGLE(one) nucleotide,
includes: deletion, insertion or substitution of one of the nucleotides
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| Frameshift (gene mutation) | Changes the "reading frame"- like changing a a sentence
*includes:Insertions, Deletions
*proteins builds incorrectly
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| deletion (gene mutation) | 1 amino acide is missing from mutant protein
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| insertion (gene mutation) | a whole new amino acid is added
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| substitution (gene mutation) | when a base pair is substituted and a new codon codes for a different amino acid is used
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| what is a genetic disorder? | can be inherited,
*a disease or condition that results from mutations that affect the normal functioning of a cell
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| 3 main types of Genetic Disorders | Autosomal recesssive, Autosomal Dominant, sex-linked
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| Autosomal recessive (genetic) | if both parents are heterzygous, the child will have 25% chance of being affected, might not be known
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| autsomal dominant (genetic) | trait typically appears in every generation.
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| sex-linked (genetic) | Males show the disorder more than female,
Son can not inherit disorder from dad.
Because males only have one Xchromosome, males are more likely than females to have sex-linked trait that is controlled by recessive alleles
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| Cancer | *multiple series of mutations
*occurs in replication (DNA)
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| Multiple alleles | 3 or more forms a gene that codes for a single trait
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| What makes up blood | Red blood cells,
White blood cells,
Plasma,
Platelets
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| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) | The most abundant cells in our blood.
They produce in the bone marrow.
Contain protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells
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| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | They are the part of the immune system and destroys infectious agents called pathogens
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| Plasma | This is the yellowish liquid portion of the blood that contains the electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors and proteins (antibodies) to fight infections
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| Platelets (Thrombocytes) | Clotting factors that are carried in the plasma, they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal the wound.
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| What are the four blood types | A,B, AB,O- see your card
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| universal donor | Blood type O
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| Universal Receiver | Blood type AB
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| Rh Factor? | The presence of protein or lack of it in the blood RH+- presence of protein
RH- no protein
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| Blood Transfusion | a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous(IV) line in one of the blood vessels
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| What is a carrier? | a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele. although they do not have the trait, they can pass the recessive allele on to their offspring
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| solve blood type, sex-linked trait and punnet squares | autosomals show different pedigree charts than sex-linked
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| Pedigree | a chart showing the genetic connection between two individuals-
*genetic family tree
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| tell difference between pedigree chart on automsomal recessive and dominant | Rr and RR and rr
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| Karyotype | *picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell
*arranged as pairs
*can reveal if the baby has the correct number of chromosomes and if it is a boy or girl
1-22 Autosome
23- sex chromosomes
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| amniocetesis | a sample of the fluids that surrounds the fetus is removed by a large needle
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| selective breeding? | Process of selecting and breeding parent organisms to pass on particular traits to the offsprings- two types- inbreeding and hybridzation
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| inbreeding | involves crossing 2 individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles
fast horse crossed by fast horse is a fast horse
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| hybridization | involves 2 genetically different individuals, with results to bred to have best trait of of both parents- usually breeding dissimilar to parent
*corn- resists disease crossed with corn many kernals= corn resist disease and produces many kernals
*animal
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| advantage of selective breeding to DNA | causes certain alleles to become more common in particular breed
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| Genetic Engineering | Genetic splicing-The process in which a sequence of DNA from an organism is first isolated, for a specific trait
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| 3 steps of Genetic engineering | 1. isolate DNA,
2.Insert DNA in from another organism
3. The new DNA will reproduce and new cells will have the engineered DNA
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| what are risk and benefits with genetic engineering? | *Benefit-more food, new medicines, insulin, insect resistant plant with less environmental change.
*Con-unknown effects on humans and ecosystem
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| Cloning | is a technique that uses technology to make copies of DNA * used to produce organisms with desired traits. (genetically identical to the organism it was produced)
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| Dolly and how was she made? | first clone of an adult mammal ever produced
1. removed egg from sheep
2.cell's nucleus was replaced with 6 year old sheep
3.egg placed in 3 sheep uterus
4.5 months later Dolly was born
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| DNA fingerprinting | DNA fingerprints is unique to individual,
used to identify child's biological dad
each band represents a fragment of DNA
*examines the bands in the diagram of a gel electroporesis
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| Genome | is all the genetic material in organism. most challenging project undertaken
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| Blood Type O | Genotype ii
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| Blood Type A | Genotype I^AI^A or I^Ai
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| Blood type B | Genotype I^BI^B or I^Bi
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| Blood Type AB | Geneotype I^AI^B
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| hello my name is madison | madison kohl
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