Terms
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| A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is an _______ | element
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| The subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the _______ | proton
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| Atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called _______ | isotopes
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| Atoms with either a positive or negative electrical charge are called _______ | ions
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| The bonding between Cl and Na in halite is _______ | ionic
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| _______ is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron | The formula is SiO4
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| _______ is not a type of silicate structure | Pentagonal
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| _______ is not a silicate | Calcite
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| On Mohs' hardness scale, ordinary window glass has a hardness of about _______ | 5-6
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| The ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called _______ | Cleavage
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| Striations are associated with _______ | Plagioclase
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| Glass is ________ | atoms randomly arranged
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| Crystalline substances are always _______ | made of repeating patterns of atoms
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| Physical disintegration of rock into smaller pieces is called _______ | mechanical weathering
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| The decomposition of rocks from exposure to water and atmospheric gases is called _______ | chemical weathering
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| _______ is not a type of mechanical weathering | Oxidation
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| The single most effective agent of chemical weathering at Earth's surface is _______ | carbon dioxide CO2
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| The most common end product of the chemical weathering of quartz is _______ | quartz does not usually weather chemically
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| Soil with approximately equal amounts of sand, silt and clay along with a generous amount of organic matter is called _______ | loam
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| _______ can be distinguished from one another by appearance and chemical composition, have transitional rather than sharp boundaries, and are classified by letters ABCE&O | Soil horizons*
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| The soil horizon containing only organic material is the _______ | O Horizon
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| Hardpan forms in the _______ | B Horizon
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| Particles of sediment from 1/16-2mm in diameter are of _______ size | sand
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| The grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation is _______ | Rounding*
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| Compaction and cementation are two common processes of _______ | lithification
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| _______ is not a chemical or organic sedimentary rock | shale
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| The major difference between breccia and conglomerate is _______ | rounding of the grain
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| _______ is not a type of sandstone | coal
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| Shale differs from mudstone in that _______ | shale is visibly layered and fissile; mudstone is massive and blocky
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| The chemical element found in dolomite NOT found in limestone is __ | Mg
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| In a graded bed, the particle size _______ | decreases upward
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| A body or rock of considerable thickness with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent rock units is called a _______ | formation
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| If seal level drops or the land rises, _______ is likely to occur. | a transgression
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| Thick accumulations of graywacke and volcanic sediments can indicate an ancient _______ | convergent boundary
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| A sedimentary rock made of fragments of preexisting rocks is _______ | clastic
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| Clues to the nature of the source area of sediment can be found in _______ | sedimentary structures
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| Plate tectonics is a result of Earth's internal heat engine, powered by _______ | heat flowing from Earth's interior outward
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| A typical rate of plate motion is _______ | 1-10 centimeters per year
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| Volcanic island arcs are associated with _______ | ocean-ocean convergence
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| The division of geology concerned with Earth materials, changes in the surface and interior of the Earth, and the dynamic forces that cause those changes is _______ | physical geology
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| Earthquakes, volcanoes, mudflows, floods, wave erosion at coastlines, and landslides are _______ | geologic hazards*
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| The largest zone of Earth's interior by volume is the _______ | mantle
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| Oceanic and continental crust differ in _______ | composition, density, and thickness
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| The forces generated inside Earth that cause deformation of rock as well as vertical and horizontal movement of portions of Earth's crust are called _______ | tectonic forces
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| Plate tectonics is a _______ | theory
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| The three plate boundaries are _______, _______, and ________. | divergent, transform, and convergent*
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| The lithosphere is _______ | the crust and uppermost mantle
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| Erosion is a result of Earth's external heat engine, powered by | gravity?
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| _______ is NOT true of minerals | most minerals are organic*
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| Rocks are _______ | a collection of one or more minerals
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| True or False: Minerals are stable as long as they stay in the pressure and temperature environment where they originally formed | True
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| Minerals with the same chemical make-up, but different arrangements of atoms are called _______ | polymorphs
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| The chemical formula for the mineral jadeite (a source of jade) is Na(Al,Fe)Si2O6. The elements in parenthesis indicate that __________ | Al and Fe can substitute for one another in the mineral
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| True or False: The "salt" in the ocean is really sodium ions and chlorine ions. | True
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| When the electric charge on the water molecule is unevenly distributed, it means _______ | we say that water is polar
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| When a rock like granite is exposed at Earth's surface, it expands and cracks because it is no longer in ________ | equilibrium
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| The most common end product of the chemical weathering of feldspar is _______ | clay minerals
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| True or False: Rocks expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled. | True
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