Plant Behavior
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Responses to _______ and _______ signals. | show 🗑
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| show | any response to stimuli
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| show | They bend towards light, and they flower at certain times of day and season
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| Signal Transduction Pathways link ______ _______ to _______ | show 🗑
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| _______ molecules in plant cells sense stimuli and cause responses | show 🗑
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| show | reception, transduction, and response
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| Reception: signals are first detected by receptors. What are receptors? | show 🗑
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| show | small molecules and ions in the cell that amplify the signal and transfer it from receptor to other proteins that carry out the response.
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| Response: Activation of ______ response | show 🗑
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| show | Hormone
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| Plant hormones were first studied by ______ _______ and his son ______ doing experiments on why plants bend towards light | show 🗑
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| Later scientists found out that plants bend towards light due to a hormone called _____. | show 🗑
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| One hormone often has _______ effects. | show 🗑
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| Different __________ or __________ of hormones can have distinct effects | show 🗑
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| Growth hormones generally promote ____ ______, _________, and ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, and Ethylene
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| ______ hormones generally slow down growth, promote dormancy, protect plant from danger | show 🗑
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| What are the two major stress hormones? | show 🗑
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| show | Salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic Acid, Nitric Oxide
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| show | Auxins
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| show | indoleacetic acid (IAA)
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| Auxins influences plants in many ways alone or in combination with other _______. | show 🗑
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| Auxin effects: Establishes the _____-_____ polarity of seed embryos | show 🗑
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| show | differentiate
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| show | phototropism
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| show | adventitious
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| Auxin effects: Stimulates ____ development | show 🗑
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| show | Herbicides, Seedless fruit production, Root development on stem, cuttings off the apical meristems of plants promotes bushy growth
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| Cytokinins stimulate ________ | show 🗑
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| Cytokinins are found in ________ ______ tissues such as root tips, embryos in germinating seeds, and fruits | show 🗑
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| Cytokinins work together with auxin to control ___ ______ and _____________. | show 🗑
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| Auxin and cytokinin used together in tissue culture to ____ plants | show 🗑
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| show | Gibberellins
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| Gibberellins stimulates ____ _______ and _________. | show 🗑
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| Gibberellins interact with light to foster ____ ___________. | show 🗑
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| Name 3 things gibberellins enhance. | show 🗑
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| show | leaf and fruit
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| Ethylene coordinates both ____ _________ and _____ _______. | show 🗑
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| Ethylene influences ____ ________ along with auxin. | show 🗑
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| Ethylene plays a role in defense against ______ stress and ______ attack. | show 🗑
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| show | Leaf abscission, Fruit ripening, Triple response of seedlings
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| Abscisic Acid (ABA) slows _____ _____ and promotes ________. | show 🗑
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| show | water, cold, or light
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| show | perennial
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| show | drought
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| Brassinosteroids induce cell expansion by increasing ______ water uptake | show 🗑
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| Brassinosteroids _____ leaf drop | show 🗑
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| show | xylem
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| Brassinosteroids Can be applied to crops to help protect plants from ____, ____, high _______, and ________ injury. | show 🗑
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| In order to survive, plants need to _____ and _______ to a variety of environmental stimuli | show 🗑
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| Photoperiodism | show 🗑
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| Plants have __________ in their cells to detect light, which are different from the light receptors used in photosynthesis | show 🗑
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| Plants can sense not only the presence of light, but also its _______, ________, and ________. | show 🗑
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| Photoreceptors have a light-absorbing component and regions that respond to light absorption by switching on ______ ____________ ________. | show 🗑
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| What are two types of plant photoreceptors? | show 🗑
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| show | blue
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| show | red and far-red
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| show | Cytochromes and Phototropins
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| Cytochromes help germinating seedlings determine if they have enough _____, and if not, they continue to elongate and push through the soil | show 🗑
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| Phototropins are the main ____-_____ sensor involved in phototropism | show 🗑
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| show | confirmations
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| show | did, didn't
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| show | light
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| show | far-red light to red light
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| show | Extension of leaves from shady portions of a tree canopy into the light, Growth that allows plants to avoid being shaded by neighboring plants
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| show | internodes
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| Photoperiodism: Plant’s “biological clock” also controlled by _________. It allows plants to sense the day/night cycle. | show 🗑
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| show | plants open and close stomata, fold and unfold leaves, and flower only at certain times of day
Plants also keep track of the time of year so that they can go dormant, flower, etc. during the correct seasons
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| show | season
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| show | long-day, short-day, and day-neutral
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| Photoperiodism: Despite the name, experiments have shown that the plants are actually measuring the length of the _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Short-day
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| ____-___ plants will only flower when the night is shorter than some critical length, such as spring and early summer | show 🗑
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| show | Day-neutral
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| show | Shoots
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| Gravitropism: _____ are positively gravitropic – they grow towards gravity | show 🗑
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| Gravitropism: Sensed using starch-heavy plastids known as _______ in cells called ________. | show 🗑
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| Gravity causes the statoliths to sink to the bottom of the statocytes, which causes changes in _______ ___ messengers | show 🗑
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| Thigmotropism | show 🗑
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| Roots that encounter a barrier, such as a rock, will grow ____________ to get around the rock | show 🗑
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| show | Tendrils on vines wind around supporting structures, Wind or rubbing against a plant makes it grow shorter and thicker, Rapid plant movements such as in sensitive plant
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| Stress can be caused by _______ or ______ factors | show 🗑
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| show | drought, flood, cold
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| Biotic: 2 examples | show 🗑
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| Plant responses are often mediated by _______. | show 🗑
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| Flooding: Too much water makes roots unable to obtain sufficient ______ | show 🗑
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| Flooding: Ethylene triggers apoptosis in root cortex cells, forming a tissue called ________ | show 🗑
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| Flooding: The ______-like tubes helps oxygen to get to root cells | show 🗑
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| Flooding: Aerenchyma is normally found in plants native to ________ habitats, but can form in other plants in response to flooding | show 🗑
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| Environmental Stress: _______, ____ ________, ____, and ____ are similar stressors because they all make water less available to plants | show 🗑
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| show | Regulating aquaporins, Closing stomata, Growing deeper roots, Slowing shoot growth
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| show | Lowers water potential of soil and reduces water uptake by roots, Plants can produce more solutes in the cells to keep water potential more negative than that of soil
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| What are 2 responses to Heat Stress? | show 🗑
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| What are 2 responses to Cold? | show 🗑
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| Plants must also respond to biological threats such as _________ and ________. | show 🗑
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| What are 5 Structural defenses to biological threats? | show 🗑
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| show | distasteful, deadly
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| show | recruit
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| Defense Against Herbivores: ________ chemical signals released by damaged plants can also warn nearby plants of danger | show 🗑
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| Tomato plants release _________ acid when damaged by caterpillars. This signals nearby tomato plants to produce defensive compounds | show 🗑
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| Acacia trees in a park in South Africa killed a herd of antelope by releasing ________ ___, signaling all the acacias in the area to make more toxins in their leaves | show 🗑
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| Plant pathogens contain ___ genes that encode virulence-enhancing elicitors | show 🗑
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| show | 20
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| show | R protein
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| Responses to Pathogens: The R protein then triggers a plant defense like the ____________ ________ and _______ _______ _______ | show 🗑
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| The Hypersensitive Response: Causes ____ _____ at the infection site to deprive the pathogen of food. | show 🗑
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| The Hypersensitive Response: Strengthens ____ _____ around the infection site to prevent spread of the pathogen to the rest of the plant | show 🗑
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| The Hypersensitive Response: Produces ________ at the infection site to kill the pathogen, including hydrolytic enzymes and hydrogen peroxide. | show 🗑
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| show | immune system
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| Systemic Acquired Resistance: A localized hypersensitive response results in the production of alarm signals like _______ acid and _________ acid | show 🗑
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| show | enzymes and toxins
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| show | long-lasting
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Created by:
cmccartney2
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