APES Earth test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| seismology | the branch of earth science thta combines mathematics and physics to explain the nature of earthquakes and how they can be used to gather information about Earth beyond our view
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| lithosphere | strained beyond their limit, yield, and "spring back" to their original shape, rapidly releasing stored energy.
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| this energy radiates in all directions from the source of the earthquake, called the ____, in the form of _____ ______ | focus, seismic waves
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| seismograph instruments | are located throughout the world and amplify and record the ground motions produced by passing seismic waves on seismograms
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| P waves | travel through Earth and have the greatest velocity and, therefore reach the seismograph station first. Also have smaller amplitudes and shorter periods than the other waves
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| S waves | travel through Earth
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| surface or L waves | arrive at the seismograph station last because they must travel longer distance alomg Earth's outer layer
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| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
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| amplitudes | the range from the mean, or average, to the extreme
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| periods | the time, interval between the arrival of successive wave crests
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| Plate tectonics | Earth's crust is broken into plates which move relative to each other, movement caused by convection currents dissipating Earth's internal heat
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| Volcanoes and earthquakes | occur at plate tectonics
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| Divergent plate boundaries | sea floor spreading, new crust generated, mid ocean ridges
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| Convergent plate boundaries | oceanic plate subducts under ocean or continental plates, causes volcanoes and trenches. They produce boundaries.
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| Transform boundaries | plates slide past each other, causes earthquakes
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| Rock cycle | relationship of rocks and formation processes
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| rock types according to origin | igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
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| minerals | are not renewable
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| ore | concentration of mineral is high enough so that it is profitable to mine
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| mineral reserve | identified deposits, profitable to mine
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| surface mining | strip mining, cheaper, less dangerous to miners. Problems: toxic runoff, acid drainange
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| soil texture | size of soil particles; sand, silt, clay
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| humus | organic material in soil
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| leaching | removal of dissolved materials by water moving through
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| permeability | ability to transmit water
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| porosity | ability to hold water
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| solution to soil problems | contour plowing, crop rotation, conservation tillage, organic fertilizers
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| troposhere | 0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, most vapor
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| stratosphere | 17-48 km above surface, site of weather, organisms, most water vapor
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| composition of earth's atmosphere | 78% N2, 21% O2, 0.9% argon, 0,0035% CO2.
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| original atmosphere was H2 and He, Organisms have altered atmosphere | increases O2 and N2 decreased
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| Weather | daily atmospheric conditions (temp and precip), climate long term atmospheric conditions
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| Global circulation patterns | caused by uneven heating of earth's surface and earth's rotation
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| ENSO | El Nino Southern Oscillation; see-sawing of air pressure over Southern Pacific
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| El Nino |
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| effects of El Nino | disrupts food chains, alters precipitation patterns, fewer Atlantic hurricanes
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| ozone depletion | caused bbbbt CFC'S, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride (CCI4), halons, methyl bromide all break down stratospheric ozone
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| effects of ozone depletion | increased UV radiation reaches Earth's surface; causes increased skincanceer, cataracts, decreased plant growth and marine productivity
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| startospheric ozone layer | approximately 20-30 km above the Earth's surface (12-18 miles)
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| biotic | living organisms
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| abiotic | non-living organisms
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| Producer/autotroph | organisms that CAN make their own food
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| consumer/heterotroph | organisms that CANNOT make their own food
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| aerobiotic respiration oxygen | used by producers, consumers, decomposers to break down complex organic compounds and release energy
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| major trophic levels | producers-primary, consumers-secondary,consumers-tertiary consumers-etc
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| energy flow in food webs | solar energy converted to chemical energy, eventually returned as hear. only 10% transferred to next trophic level
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| why is only 10 |
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