PSY301 Test One
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| Developmental Research | childhood and beyond
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| Social Research | interpersonal behavior
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| Experimental Research | sensation, perception, learning, memory
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| Physioloigcal Research | nervous system, hormones (neuroscience)
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| Cognitive Research | higher mental processes (reasoning, problem solving)
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| Personality Research | individual consistency in behavior
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| Psychometrics Research | psychological testing (surveys, questionnaires)
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| Psychoanalytic Research Perspectives | comes from Freud’s studies of the unconscious mind, people are basically evil but have learned to be good in childhood
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| Humanistic Research Perspectives | people are basically good, people have a need for unconditional love and to be all that they can be, not having positive regards makes people bad during their childhood
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| Cognitive Research Perspectives | certain principles shape the way you see the world, ex. drive to be perfect creates anxiety and determination
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| Evolutionary Research Perspectives | dominant research perspective, certain behavioral and personality traits are selected through evolution
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| Behavioral Research Perspectives | learned behavior becomes automatic, ex. marriage counselors make couples hold hands and go on dates and eventually they fall in love again
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| Biological Research Perspectives | brain and chemicals determine the way people are
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| Fechner | “Elements of Psychophysics”, developed methods and procedures on how to run sensory experiments, threshold effect (ability to determine when a stimulus has changed)
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| Wundt | First psychology lab, study of consciousness, wanted to make periodic table of mind, immediate vs mediate experience (see a rose-> red= immediate, rose=mediate)
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| Freud | “The Interpretation of Dreams”, focuses on unconscious mind, doesn't care why patients get better as long as they do
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| Binet and Simon | Developed first IQ test to place kids in grades after France ruled that every kid had to go to school
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| Wertheimer | Gestalt school, big picture, look at it as one piece and break it down
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| Watson | behaviorism, objective behavior, don’t make up pretty explanations, doesn’t mention the “mind” because that is too whishy washy
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| Tolman | tried to over turn behaviorism with purposive behavior, ex. Why does mouse go through the puzzle? To get food!
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| Skinner | neobehaviorism, devices that automated experiments, ex. Machine that makes a mark every time rat presses lever instead of having to sit there watching it
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| Rogers | Humanistics, said conscious mind is always in control
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| Chomsky | Cognitive
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| Determinism | actions determined by past events
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| Positivism | consider only objective facts, no subjectivity
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| Materialism | all things explainable by physical terms
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| reductionism | understand the parts to understand the whole
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| Empiricisim | knowledge via sensory experience/observation, makes experimentation a reasonable thing to do
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| Descates | body is hydraulic pump, mind & body are separate entities that interact thru pineal gland, innate ideas vs derived ideas
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| Locke | "innate ideas" are simply ideas that were learned so early that it seems as if they have always been there
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| Von Helmholtz | nerve conduction is not instantaneous, frog leg experiment
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| Stumpf | his student debunks Clever Hans Horse, competitor of Wundt
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| Tichener | first Psych dept in America, studied structure of conscious mind, altered Wundt's system
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| William James | people can make honest mistakes in interpreting data, treats psychology as a natural sciences
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| functionalism | study what the mind does
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| Gestalt | whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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| Authority | take somebody’s words for it; authorities often disagree among themselves and are often wrong
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| Logic | not necessarily superior to direct observation; ex. in syllogistic reasoning, if the basis of the logic is wrong, the assumption is wrong
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| Common Sense | differs from place to place and time to time; only criterion for determining truth is whether or not it works, therefore cannot predict new knowledge
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| Mysticism | accurately conveying the message received may be difficult; the message itself may be wrong; often time will rely on authority (religious leaders, palm readers); Ex. Shroom story!
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| Science | Anybody can do it by “following the recipe”; needs objective and repeatable observation; not without assumptions
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| Reality | reality is an illusion; lots of empty space b/w atoms
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| Rationality | world and universe is organized in a way that is understandable
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| Regularity | consistency across time and place
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| Causality | things do not occur w/o a cause
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| Discoverability | with persistent effort, eventually everything about the universe can be known
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| Theory | a theory can be proven and still called a theory, theory is simply an explanation
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| Hypothesis | logical explanation constructed from a theory
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| Gene | Observable heritable trait, DNA sequence coding for a specific polypeptide
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| genotype | DNA content of a cell
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| Phenotype | the pattern of expression of the genotype
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| Monozygotic twins | twins derived from division of zygote, identical genotypes
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| Dizygotic twins | twins derived from the simultaneous fertilization of two eggs, fraternal twins, different genotypes
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| clone | individuals possessing the same genotypes
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| polygenic | influenced by multiple genes
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| heritablity | increases as genetic diversity increases, decreases as environmental diversity increases,the extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior
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| tabula rasa | The notion that humans are born without specific knowledge or ideas
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