| Question | Answer |
| Developmental Research | childhood and beyond |
| Social Research | interpersonal behavior |
| Experimental Research | sensation, perception, learning, memory |
| Physioloigcal Research | nervous system, hormones (neuroscience) |
| Cognitive Research | higher mental processes (reasoning, problem solving) |
| Personality Research | individual consistency in behavior |
| Psychometrics Research | psychological testing (surveys, questionnaires) |
| Psychoanalytic Research Perspectives | comes from Freud’s studies of the unconscious mind, people are basically evil but have learned to be good in childhood |
| Humanistic Research Perspectives | people are basically good, people have a need for unconditional love and to be all that they can be, not having positive regards makes people bad during their childhood |
| Cognitive Research Perspectives | certain principles shape the way you see the world, ex. drive to be perfect creates anxiety and determination |
| Evolutionary Research Perspectives | dominant research perspective, certain behavioral and personality traits are selected through evolution |
| Behavioral Research Perspectives | learned behavior becomes automatic, ex. marriage counselors make couples hold hands and go on dates and eventually they fall in love again |
| Biological Research Perspectives | brain and chemicals determine the way people are |
| Fechner | “Elements of Psychophysics”, developed methods and procedures on how to run sensory experiments, threshold effect (ability to determine when a stimulus has changed) |
| Wundt | First psychology lab, study of consciousness, wanted to make periodic table of mind, immediate vs mediate experience (see a rose-> red= immediate, rose=mediate) |
| Freud | “The Interpretation of Dreams”, focuses on unconscious mind, doesn't care why patients get better as long as they do |
| Binet and Simon | Developed first IQ test to place kids in grades after France ruled that every kid had to go to school |
| Wertheimer | Gestalt school, big picture, look at it as one piece and break it down |
| Watson | behaviorism, objective behavior, don’t make up pretty explanations, doesn’t mention the “mind” because that is too whishy washy |
| Tolman | tried to over turn behaviorism with purposive behavior, ex. Why does mouse go through the puzzle? To get food! |
| Skinner | neobehaviorism, devices that automated experiments, ex. Machine that makes a mark every time rat presses lever instead of having to sit there watching it |
| Rogers | Humanistics, said conscious mind is always in control |
| Chomsky | Cognitive |
| Determinism | actions determined by past events |
| Positivism | consider only objective facts, no subjectivity |
| Materialism | all things explainable by physical terms |
| reductionism | understand the parts to understand the whole |
| Empiricisim | knowledge via sensory experience/observation, makes experimentation a reasonable thing to do |
| Descates | body is hydraulic pump, mind & body are separate entities that interact thru pineal gland, innate ideas vs derived ideas |
| Locke | "innate ideas" are simply ideas that were learned so early that it seems as if they have always been there |
| Von Helmholtz | nerve conduction is not instantaneous, frog leg experiment |
| Stumpf | his student debunks Clever Hans Horse, competitor of Wundt |
| Tichener | first Psych dept in America, studied structure of conscious mind, altered Wundt's system |
| William James | people can make honest mistakes in interpreting data, treats psychology as a natural sciences |
| functionalism | study what the mind does |
| Gestalt | whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
| Authority | take somebody’s words for it; authorities often disagree among themselves and are often wrong |
| Logic | not necessarily superior to direct observation; ex. in syllogistic reasoning, if the basis of the logic is wrong, the assumption is wrong |
| Common Sense | differs from place to place and time to time; only criterion for determining truth is whether or not it works, therefore cannot predict new knowledge |
| Mysticism | accurately conveying the message received may be difficult; the message itself may be wrong; often time will rely on authority (religious leaders, palm readers); Ex. Shroom story! |
| Science | Anybody can do it by “following the recipe”; needs objective and repeatable observation; not without assumptions |
| Reality | reality is an illusion; lots of empty space b/w atoms |
| Rationality | world and universe is organized in a way that is understandable |
| Regularity | consistency across time and place |
| Causality | things do not occur w/o a cause |
| Discoverability | with persistent effort, eventually everything about the universe can be known |
| Theory | a theory can be proven and still called a theory, theory is simply an explanation |
| Hypothesis | logical explanation constructed from a theory |
| Gene | Observable heritable trait, DNA sequence coding for a specific polypeptide |
| genotype | DNA content of a cell |
| Phenotype | the pattern of expression of the genotype |
| Monozygotic twins | twins derived from division of zygote, identical genotypes |
| Dizygotic twins | twins derived from the simultaneous fertilization of two eggs, fraternal twins, different genotypes |
| clone | individuals possessing the same genotypes |
| polygenic | influenced by multiple genes |
| heritablity | increases as genetic diversity increases, decreases as environmental diversity increases,the extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior |
| tabula rasa | The notion that humans are born without specific knowledge or ideas |
