Bella Higher Human Unit 1 general revision
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| What is the function of mRNA | carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from nucleus to ribosome
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| What is the function of the ribosome | Site of protein Synthesis
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| What is the function of tRNA | Transports amino acids to the ribosome
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| What is a codon | 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
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| What is the name of the hydrogen carrier in aerobic respiration | NAD
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| What are the 3 stages of Aerobic Respiration | Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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| What are the "raw materials" for aerobic respiration | Glucose and
Oxygen
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| Where does Glycolysis take place | Cytoplasm
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| Where would you find an anti-codon | On tRNA
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| What is ATP made from | ADP + Pi
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| Name 4 things required for DNA Replication | DNA template
DNA Nucleotides
Primers
DNA polymerase
Ligase
ATP
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| What base is present in DNA but absent in RNA | Thymine
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| Why is DNA replication said to be "semi-conservative" | because each daughter DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA molecule
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| What are the 2 Products of fermentation in animal cells | Lactic Acid and
ATP
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| What is transcription | DNA to mRNA
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| Where does translation take place | ribosome
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| What is translation | mRNA to protein
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| Where does transcription take place | Nucleus
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| Where does RNA splicing take place? | Nucleus
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| What are primers | Short strands of nucleotides that bind to the 3' end of the TEMPLATE strand and allow DNA polymerase to add nucleotides using complimentary base pairing.
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| What is the role of ATP in the energy investment phase? | It is used to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates.
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| What is the role of DNA polymerase? | It adds nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the 3' end of the NEW STRAND forming.
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| What are the 2 co-enzymes involved in Aerobic respiration? | Co-enzyme A and NAD
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| How can you distinguish a non-competitive inhibitor from a competitive inhibitor experimentally. | non-competitive inhibition is NOT affected by increasing the substrate concentration.
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| Why does DNA replication result in a lag-strand | Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in one direction.
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| What are non-coding regions of the primary transcript called? | Introns
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| What is "induced-fit". | When the substrate joins an active site it triggers a change in the shape of the active site resulting in a better fit.
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| What 2 substances react together to form citrate in the citric acid cycle. | Oxaloacetate and an acetyl group.
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| How does cancer develop | When cells fail to listen to regulatory signals and divide excessively to form a mass of cells called a tumour.
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| What cells are pluripotent? | Embryonic stem cells
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| What are primers in PCR | Short strands of nucleotides that are complementary to the specific target sequences at the 2 sides of the region of DNA to be amplified.
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| What is cellular differentiation? | This is the process whereby cells express certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that cell type.
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| What type of gene mutation results in a premature stop codon | (Substitution) nonsense
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| What is feedback inhibition? | When the end product in a metabolic pathway reaches a critical concentration and then inhibits an enzyme earlier on in the pathway thus preventing further production of the end product.
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| What is the problem with chromosome mutations? | The substantial changes are often lethal.
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| What are anabolic reactions? | smaller molecules to bigger molecules and require energy.
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| What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes. | Remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them on to coenzyme NAD forming NADH.
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| Where does the citric acid cycle take place? | Matrix of mitochondria
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| What is released as Citrate breaks back down to oxaloacetate? | ATP, NADH and carbon dioxide
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