Urinary System
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| Urinary System functions are: | Regulates blood volume, fluid-electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance
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| Where are the kidneys located? | Upper abdominal cavity on either side of the spine
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| Adipose capsule | Layer of fat surrounding each kidney
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| Renal fascia | Membrane covering each kidney which holds each kidney in place
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| Kidney shape | Bean shaped, 4 inches long and 2 inches wide
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| Renal artery | Branches from abdominal aorta, carries arterial blood into kidney from abdominal aorta
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| Renal vein | Carries venous blood out of kidney into inferior vena cava
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| Ureter | Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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| Renal cortex | Made of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of nephron
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| Renal medulla | Made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules (pyramids and papilla)
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| Renal pelvis | Innermost area (calyces)
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| Nephrons | Functional units of the kidneys where urine is formed from blood plasma
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| 2 main parts of the nephron | Renal corpuscle & renal tubule
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| Renal tubule | 1) proximal convoluted tubule 2) loop of Henle 3) distal convoluted tubule 4)collecting tubule 5) peri tubular capillaries
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| Peri tubular capillaries | Blood vessels that surround the renal tubules; substances in the renal tubules will pass into the blood in these
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| Glomeruluar filtration | High pressure in the glomerulus that forces plasma and dissolved nutrients out of the blood into Bowman's capsule; this fluid is called renal filtrate
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| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | Amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidneys in 1 minute; normal GFR=125ml/min (about 180 liters per day)
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| High BP will __ GFR | Raise
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| Low BP will __ GFR | Lower
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| Tubular reabsorption | Most of the renal filtrate is reabsorbed out of the renal tubules back into the blood
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| Normal daily urine output | 1-2 liters
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| Active transport | How most substances (glucose, amino acids, positive ions, vitamins, minerals) are reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules. Low to high concentration with the help of ATP
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| Threshold level | Limit to quantity of substances that can be reabsorbed back into blood
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| Passive transport | How negative ions are reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules. Negative ions follow positive ions b/c opposites attract
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| Osmosis | How water is reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules (typically follows Na+)
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| Osmosis is influenced by these 3 hormones | 1) ADH, Pituitary 2) Aldosterone ^ H2O reabsorption, decreases urine output, Adrenals 3) ANP, decreases H2O reabsorption, increases urine output
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| Pinocytosis | Stationary cells will engulf proteins that are too large to be reabsorbed by active transport; no protein should enter the urine
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| Tubular secretion | Substances actively secreted from the peri tubular capillaries into the filtrate such as: H+ ions, ammonia (stinky pee), & end product of medications
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| Metabolic acidosis | Low pH and low HCO3; renal disease, DKA
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| Metabolic alkalosis | High pH and high HCO3; antacid overuse, gastric suctioning
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| Decreased BP causes kidney to secrete __ which initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism | Renin
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| Angiotensin 2 causes__ and increases release of aldosterone which in turn __ BP | Vasoconstriction, increases
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| Erythropoletin is released when blood O2 is __ and it causes __ RBC production | Decreased, increased
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| Vitamin D is formed from cholesterol in the __ when it is exposed to ultraviolet rays & is converted into vitamin D3 by the kidneys | Skin
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| Ureters | 2 tubes that lead out of the renal pelvis of each kidney; connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder; lined with mucous membrane
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| Urine moves down the ureters by __ towards __ | Peristalsis, urinary bladder
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| Bladder sits below uterus in __ | Females
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| Bladder sits above prostate in __ | Males
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| Bladder | Transitional epithelium tissue lines the inside and allows expansion
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| Rugae | Folds inside bladder
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| Trigone | Triangular area on bladder floor
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| Urethra | Tube located between bladder and outside
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| In females, urethra carries | Urine
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| In males, urethra carries | Urine and sperm
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| Urination is also called __ | Voiding or micturition
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| Stimulus for urination is__ | Stretching of the bladder/detrusor muscle
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| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle layer wall of bladder that contracts for emptying
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| Flow of urine | 1) kidneys produce 2) ureters transport 3) urinary bladder stores 4) urethra passes to outside
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| Urine color is | Golden yellow (straw) to amber
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| Lighter urine color is | Dilute
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| Darker urine color is | Concentrated
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| Fresh voided urine should be | Clear
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| Urine has an aromatic odor due to the presence of | Ammonia
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| Urine odor is affected by | Foods, drugs, presence of UTI
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| Normal urine specific gravity | 1.010-1.025
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| Normal urine pH | 4.5-7.5
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| Urine composition | 1) 95% water 2) 5% salts/wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
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| Glycosuria | Glucose in urine
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| Ketonuria | Ketones in urine
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| Proteinuria | Protein in urine
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| Hematuria | Blood/RBCs in urine
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| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in urine (cloudy)
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| IV bag = | 1000 ccs, 1000 mls, 1 liter
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| To calculate number of mLs per hour | Total volume divided by total time (ex: 1000 mLs/8 hours=125 mL per hour)
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| Tubing set drop factors | 10,15, 20, or 60 (micro drip)
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| To calculate drops per minute | Total volume multiplied by drop factor, divided by time in minutes (ex: 500mLs X 15/ 360 mins=21gtts/min)
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