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Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urinary System functions are: | Regulates blood volume, fluid-electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance |
| Where are the kidneys located? | Upper abdominal cavity on either side of the spine |
| Adipose capsule | Layer of fat surrounding each kidney |
| Renal fascia | Membrane covering each kidney which holds each kidney in place |
| Kidney shape | Bean shaped, 4 inches long and 2 inches wide |
| Renal artery | Branches from abdominal aorta, carries arterial blood into kidney from abdominal aorta |
| Renal vein | Carries venous blood out of kidney into inferior vena cava |
| Ureter | Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| Renal cortex | Made of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of nephron |
| Renal medulla | Made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules (pyramids and papilla) |
| Renal pelvis | Innermost area (calyces) |
| Nephrons | Functional units of the kidneys where urine is formed from blood plasma |
| 2 main parts of the nephron | Renal corpuscle & renal tubule |
| Renal tubule | 1) proximal convoluted tubule 2) loop of Henle 3) distal convoluted tubule 4)collecting tubule 5) peri tubular capillaries |
| Peri tubular capillaries | Blood vessels that surround the renal tubules; substances in the renal tubules will pass into the blood in these |
| Glomeruluar filtration | High pressure in the glomerulus that forces plasma and dissolved nutrients out of the blood into Bowman's capsule; this fluid is called renal filtrate |
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | Amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidneys in 1 minute; normal GFR=125ml/min (about 180 liters per day) |
| High BP will __ GFR | Raise |
| Low BP will __ GFR | Lower |
| Tubular reabsorption | Most of the renal filtrate is reabsorbed out of the renal tubules back into the blood |
| Normal daily urine output | 1-2 liters |
| Active transport | How most substances (glucose, amino acids, positive ions, vitamins, minerals) are reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules. Low to high concentration with the help of ATP |
| Threshold level | Limit to quantity of substances that can be reabsorbed back into blood |
| Passive transport | How negative ions are reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules. Negative ions follow positive ions b/c opposites attract |
| Osmosis | How water is reabsorbed back into the blood from the renal tubules (typically follows Na+) |
| Osmosis is influenced by these 3 hormones | 1) ADH, Pituitary 2) Aldosterone ^ H2O reabsorption, decreases urine output, Adrenals 3) ANP, decreases H2O reabsorption, increases urine output |
| Pinocytosis | Stationary cells will engulf proteins that are too large to be reabsorbed by active transport; no protein should enter the urine |
| Tubular secretion | Substances actively secreted from the peri tubular capillaries into the filtrate such as: H+ ions, ammonia (stinky pee), & end product of medications |
| Metabolic acidosis | Low pH and low HCO3; renal disease, DKA |
| Metabolic alkalosis | High pH and high HCO3; antacid overuse, gastric suctioning |
| Decreased BP causes kidney to secrete __ which initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism | Renin |
| Angiotensin 2 causes__ and increases release of aldosterone which in turn __ BP | Vasoconstriction, increases |
| Erythropoletin is released when blood O2 is __ and it causes __ RBC production | Decreased, increased |
| Vitamin D is formed from cholesterol in the __ when it is exposed to ultraviolet rays & is converted into vitamin D3 by the kidneys | Skin |
| Ureters | 2 tubes that lead out of the renal pelvis of each kidney; connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder; lined with mucous membrane |
| Urine moves down the ureters by __ towards __ | Peristalsis, urinary bladder |
| Bladder sits below uterus in __ | Females |
| Bladder sits above prostate in __ | Males |
| Bladder | Transitional epithelium tissue lines the inside and allows expansion |
| Rugae | Folds inside bladder |
| Trigone | Triangular area on bladder floor |
| Urethra | Tube located between bladder and outside |
| In females, urethra carries | Urine |
| In males, urethra carries | Urine and sperm |
| Urination is also called __ | Voiding or micturition |
| Stimulus for urination is__ | Stretching of the bladder/detrusor muscle |
| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle layer wall of bladder that contracts for emptying |
| Flow of urine | 1) kidneys produce 2) ureters transport 3) urinary bladder stores 4) urethra passes to outside |
| Urine color is | Golden yellow (straw) to amber |
| Lighter urine color is | Dilute |
| Darker urine color is | Concentrated |
| Fresh voided urine should be | Clear |
| Urine has an aromatic odor due to the presence of | Ammonia |
| Urine odor is affected by | Foods, drugs, presence of UTI |
| Normal urine specific gravity | 1.010-1.025 |
| Normal urine pH | 4.5-7.5 |
| Urine composition | 1) 95% water 2) 5% salts/wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine) |
| Glycosuria | Glucose in urine |
| Ketonuria | Ketones in urine |
| Proteinuria | Protein in urine |
| Hematuria | Blood/RBCs in urine |
| Bacteriuria | Bacteria in urine (cloudy) |
| IV bag = | 1000 ccs, 1000 mls, 1 liter |
| To calculate number of mLs per hour | Total volume divided by total time (ex: 1000 mLs/8 hours=125 mL per hour) |
| Tubing set drop factors | 10,15, 20, or 60 (micro drip) |
| To calculate drops per minute | Total volume multiplied by drop factor, divided by time in minutes (ex: 500mLs X 15/ 360 mins=21gtts/min) |
Created by:
Kmccarty
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