St MAry's Annapolis 8th Grade Science Mid Term Study Guide
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| Energy | the ability to do work and cause change
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| Atmosphere | the relatively thin layer of gases that envelope the earth
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| Geosphere | densest part of earth includes crust, mantle and core
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| Hydrosphere | the portion of earth that consist of water in any forms
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| Biosphere | part of earth that contains living things
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| Constructive force | any natural process that builds up Earth’s surface
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| Destructive force | any natural process that tears down or wears away the earth
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| Pressure | the force pushing on a surface divided by the surface area
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| Crust | the layer of rock that forms the most outer layer of the planet
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| Basalt | a dark, dense, igneous rock that forms on the oceanic crust
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| Granite | a usually light colored igneous rock found in the continental crust
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| Mantle | the layer of hot solid material between earth’s crust and core
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| Lithosphere | a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust
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| Asthenosphere | a soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats
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| Outer core | a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of the earth
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| Inner core | a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the earth
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| Radiation | the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
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| Convection | the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of fluid
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| Conduction | the transfer of thermal from one particle to another
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| Convection currents | the movement of fluids caused by the differences in temperatures
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| Topography | the shape of the land determined by elevation, relief, and landforms
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| Elevation | height above sea level
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| Relief | the difference between elevations
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| Plateau | a large landform that has high elevation and low relief
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| Mineral | a naturally occurring solid that can form from inorganic processes and that has a crystal structure and definite chemical composition
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| Inorganic | Not formed from living things or the remains of living things
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| Crystal | a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again
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| Streak | the color of a minerals powder
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| Luster | the way a mineral reflects light
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| Cleavage | a minerals ability to spilt easily along flat surfaces
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| Crystallization | the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure
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| Moh’s hardness scale | a scale ranking ten minerals form softest to hardest
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| Texture | the look and feel of the rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of the rock’s grains
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| Igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock that forms the cooling o molten rock at or below the surface
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| Sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
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| Metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
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| Intrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath earth’s surface
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| Rock forming mineral | any of the common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust
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| Sediment | small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or the remains of organisms
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| Weathering | the chemical and physical process that break down rock and other substances
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| Erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil
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| Deposition | Process in sediment is laid down in a new location
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| Cementation | the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass
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| Clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms fragments are squeezed together under high pressure
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| Organic rock | sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
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| Chemical rock | sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solutions
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| Foliated | term used to describe metamorphic rock that have grains arranged in parallel bands
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| Rock cycle | a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
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| Texture | the look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock’s surface
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| Fracture | the way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way
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| Extrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface
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| Compaction | the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight
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| Grain | the particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture
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| Continental drift | the hypothesis is that the continents
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| Pangaea | the name of the single landmass that began to break apart 200 million years ago to give rise to today’s continents
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| Fossil | the preserved remains or traces of an of ancient organisms that lived in the past
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| Mid ocean ridge | An undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced
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| Transform boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions
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| Sea floor spreading | the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the deep ocean floor
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| Deep | ocean trench
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| Subduction | the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep
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| Plate | a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust
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| Convergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move towards each other
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| Divergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other
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| Fault | a break in the earth’s crust
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| Rift valley | a deep valley that forms where two plates pull apart
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| Plate tectonics | the theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection current
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| Stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
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| Tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle
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| Compression | stress that squeezes rocks until it folds or cracks
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| Shearing | stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement
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| Normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downwards
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| Reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upwards, caused by compression in the crust
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| Strike slip fault | a type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each
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| Earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface
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| Focus | the point beneath Earth’s surface where rocks form where rocks first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake
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| Epicenter | the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus
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| P wave | a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground
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| S wave | a type of seismic waves in which the shaking is perpendicular to the direction of the wave
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| Surface wave | a type of seismic wave that forms when p waves and s waves reach Earth’s surface
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| Seismograph | the device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through earth
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| Modified Mercalli scale | a scale that rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake
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| Moment magnitude scale | a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake
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| Magnitude | the measurement of an earthquake’s strength based on seismic waves and movements
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| Richter scale | a scale that’s rates an earthquake’s magnitude
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| Seismogram | record of an earthquakes seismic waves as they move through the earth
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| 4 Main Spheres | How many systems does the earth system have?
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| 4 main spheres | The earth system has how many main spheres?
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| T | The sun can be considered part of the earth system T or F?
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| Cooled Magma and Lava | Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior?
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| crust, the mantle, and the core | The three main layers of the crust are?
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| size, composition, temperature and pressure | The layers vary greatly in?
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| solid rock | The crust is a layer of?
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| dry land and the ocean floor | The crust layer of solid rock includes?
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| basalt and granite | What are the continental and oceanic crusts made of? –
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| rock that is very hot, but solid | Earth’s mantle is made up of?
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| physical characteristics | Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on?
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| Crust, Mantle, Core | What are the names of the Mantle layers in order?
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| Nickel and Iron | The core is made mostly of the metals?
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| a liquid outer core and a sold inner core | The core consists of two parts?
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| Conduction, convection, and radiation | There are three types of heat transfer?
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| Heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s density and the force of gravity | What sets convection currents in motion?
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| convection currents in the mantle | Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes?
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| They move in a circular motion | Describe how and why convection currents move in the mantle?
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