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Science Exam 8th Mid
St MAry's Annapolis 8th Grade Science Mid Term Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Energy | the ability to do work and cause change |
| Atmosphere | the relatively thin layer of gases that envelope the earth |
| Geosphere | densest part of earth includes crust, mantle and core |
| Hydrosphere | the portion of earth that consist of water in any forms |
| Biosphere | part of earth that contains living things |
| Constructive force | any natural process that builds up Earth’s surface |
| Destructive force | any natural process that tears down or wears away the earth |
| Pressure | the force pushing on a surface divided by the surface area |
| Crust | the layer of rock that forms the most outer layer of the planet |
| Basalt | a dark, dense, igneous rock that forms on the oceanic crust |
| Granite | a usually light colored igneous rock found in the continental crust |
| Mantle | the layer of hot solid material between earth’s crust and core |
| Lithosphere | a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust |
| Asthenosphere | a soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats |
| Outer core | a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of the earth |
| Inner core | a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the earth |
| Radiation | the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Convection | the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of fluid |
| Conduction | the transfer of thermal from one particle to another |
| Convection currents | the movement of fluids caused by the differences in temperatures |
| Topography | the shape of the land determined by elevation, relief, and landforms |
| Elevation | height above sea level |
| Relief | the difference between elevations |
| Plateau | a large landform that has high elevation and low relief |
| Mineral | a naturally occurring solid that can form from inorganic processes and that has a crystal structure and definite chemical composition |
| Inorganic | Not formed from living things or the remains of living things |
| Crystal | a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again |
| Streak | the color of a minerals powder |
| Luster | the way a mineral reflects light |
| Cleavage | a minerals ability to spilt easily along flat surfaces |
| Crystallization | the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure |
| Moh’s hardness scale | a scale ranking ten minerals form softest to hardest |
| Texture | the look and feel of the rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of the rock’s grains |
| Igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock that forms the cooling o molten rock at or below the surface |
| Sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| Metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
| Intrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath earth’s surface |
| Rock forming mineral | any of the common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust |
| Sediment | small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or the remains of organisms |
| Weathering | the chemical and physical process that break down rock and other substances |
| Erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil |
| Deposition | Process in sediment is laid down in a new location |
| Cementation | the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass |
| Clastic rock | sedimentary rock that forms fragments are squeezed together under high pressure |
| Organic rock | sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers |
| Chemical rock | sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solutions |
| Foliated | term used to describe metamorphic rock that have grains arranged in parallel bands |
| Rock cycle | a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another |
| Texture | the look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock’s surface |
| Fracture | the way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way |
| Extrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface |
| Compaction | the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight |
| Grain | the particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture |
| Continental drift | the hypothesis is that the continents |
| Pangaea | the name of the single landmass that began to break apart 200 million years ago to give rise to today’s continents |
| Fossil | the preserved remains or traces of an of ancient organisms that lived in the past |
| Mid ocean ridge | An undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced |
| Transform boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions |
| Sea floor spreading | the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the deep ocean floor |
| Deep | ocean trench |
| Subduction | the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep |
| Plate | a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust |
| Convergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move towards each other |
| Divergent boundary | a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other |
| Fault | a break in the earth’s crust |
| Rift valley | a deep valley that forms where two plates pull apart |
| Plate tectonics | the theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection current |
| Stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
| Tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| Compression | stress that squeezes rocks until it folds or cracks |
| Shearing | stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, in a sideways movement |
| Normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downwards |
| Reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upwards, caused by compression in the crust |
| Strike slip fault | a type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each |
| Earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface |
| Focus | the point beneath Earth’s surface where rocks form where rocks first breaks under stress and causes an earthquake |
| Epicenter | the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus |
| P wave | a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground |
| S wave | a type of seismic waves in which the shaking is perpendicular to the direction of the wave |
| Surface wave | a type of seismic wave that forms when p waves and s waves reach Earth’s surface |
| Seismograph | the device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through earth |
| Modified Mercalli scale | a scale that rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake |
| Moment magnitude scale | a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake |
| Magnitude | the measurement of an earthquake’s strength based on seismic waves and movements |
| Richter scale | a scale that’s rates an earthquake’s magnitude |
| Seismogram | record of an earthquakes seismic waves as they move through the earth |
| 4 Main Spheres | How many systems does the earth system have? |
| 4 main spheres | The earth system has how many main spheres? |
| T | The sun can be considered part of the earth system T or F? |
| Cooled Magma and Lava | Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior? |
| crust, the mantle, and the core | The three main layers of the crust are? |
| size, composition, temperature and pressure | The layers vary greatly in? |
| solid rock | The crust is a layer of? |
| dry land and the ocean floor | The crust layer of solid rock includes? |
| basalt and granite | What are the continental and oceanic crusts made of? – |
| rock that is very hot, but solid | Earth’s mantle is made up of? |
| physical characteristics | Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on? |
| Crust, Mantle, Core | What are the names of the Mantle layers in order? |
| Nickel and Iron | The core is made mostly of the metals? |
| a liquid outer core and a sold inner core | The core consists of two parts? |
| Conduction, convection, and radiation | There are three types of heat transfer? |
| Heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s density and the force of gravity | What sets convection currents in motion? |
| convection currents in the mantle | Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes? |
| They move in a circular motion | Describe how and why convection currents move in the mantle? |
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