Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family
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| average weight gain per yr during toddlerhood | 4-6 lbs per year
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| average height increase per yr during toddlerhood | 3 inches; occurs mainly in elongation of the legs rather than the trunk
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| walks alone using a wide stance | by 12 to 13 months
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| try to run | by 18 months but falls easily
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| can walk up and down stairs | by 2 years old
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| jump using both feet | by 2 1/2 year old
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| grasp a very small object | by 12 months but are unable to release it at will
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| can drop a raisin into a narrow neck bottle | by age 15 months
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| throw a ball overhand | by 18 months w/o losing their balance
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| build towers w/ hands | by 2 years old
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| can draw circles | by age 3 years old
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| tertiary circular reactions (Piaget) | 5th stage of sensorimotor; 13-18 months the child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals
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| invention of new means through mental combination | from ages 19-24 months are the final sensorimotor stage; children complete the more primitive, autistic like thought processes of infancy and are prepared for the more complex mental operations that occur during the phase of preoperational thought
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| domestic mimicry | imitating household activities and sex role behavior become increasingly common during the sensorimotor phase and during the second year
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| preoperational thought | implies that children cannot think in terms of operations- the ability to manipulate objects in relation to each other in a logical fashion
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| gender identity | a sense of maleness or femaleness is formed by age 3 yrs and the child's feelings about being male or female begin to form
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| rapproachment | as a toddler separates from the mother and begins to make sense of experiences in the environment, he or she is drawn back to the mother for assistance in verbally articulating the meaning of the experiences
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| transitional objects | such as favorite blanket or toy, provide security for children especially when they separate from their parents, dealing w/ new stress, or just fatigued
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| parallel play | solitary play of infancy progresses to parallel play- toddlers play alongside, not w/ other children
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| voluntary control of the sphincters | achieved after the child is walking, between the ages of 18 and 24 months
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| dethronement | loss of sole parental attention
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| regression | the retreat from one's present pattern of functioning to past levels of behavior
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| physiological anorexia | at 18 months, most toddlers manifest decreased nutritional need w/ a decreased appetite
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| lacto-ovo vegetarians | who exclude meat from their diet but consume dairy products and rarely fish
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| lactovegetarians | who exclude meat and eggs but drink milk
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| pure vegetarians (vegans) | who eliminate all foods of animal origins including milk and eggs
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| macrobiotics | who are even more restrictive than pure vegetarians, allowing only a few types of fruits, vegetables, and legumes
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| semi-vegetarians | who consume a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet w/ some fish and poultry; this is an increasingly popular form of vegetarianism and poses little to no nutritional risk to infants unless dietary fat and cholesterol intake is restricted
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| sleep averages to ? during age 2 | 11 to 12 hours a day
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| early childhood caries (ECC) | a special form of tooth decay in children between 18 months and 3 yrs; often occurs when a child is routinely given a bottle of milk or juice at naptime or bedtime or uses the bottle as a pacifier while awake
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| highest risk for drowning | 12 to 36 months
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