Health Problems of Infants
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| macrominerals | refers to those w/ daily requirements greater than 100 mg and include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur
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| microminerals | or trace elements, have daily requirements of less than 100 mg and include several essential minerals and those whose exact role in nutrition
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| kwashiorkor | primarily a deficiency of protein w/ an adequate supply of calories; this child has thin, wasted extremities and a prominent abdomen from edema (ascites)
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| marasmus | results from general malnutrition of both calories and protein; gradual wasting and atrophy of body tissues, especially subq fat; child appears very old, w/ loose wrinkled skin
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| marasmic kwashiorkor | a from of PEM in which clinical findings of both kwashiorkor and marasmus are evident; the child has edema, severe wasting, and stunted growth
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| treatment for protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | rehydration w/ an oral rehydration solution that also replaces electrolytes; administration of antibiotics to prevent intercurrent infx; provision of adequate (energy intake) nutrition by either breastfeeding or proper weaning diet
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| refeeding syndrome | may occur if intake progresses too rapidly; cardiac failure may cause sudden death in a child who has been malnourished and refed too rapidly
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| ready to use therapeutic food (RUTF) | a paste based on peanut butter and dried skim milk w/ vitamins and minerals; it requires ni mixing w/ water or milk
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| food allergy | an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food
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| food allergens | specific components of food or ingredients in food such as protein that are recognized by allergen-specific immune cells eliciting an immune reaction that results in the characteristic symptoms
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| food intolerance | exist when a food or food component elicits a reproducible adverse rxn but does not have an established or likely immunologic mechanism
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| clinical manifestations of food allergy | systemic: anaphylactic, growth failure; GI: abdominal pain, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea; respiratory: cough, wheezing, rhinitis, infiltrates; cutaneous: urticaria,rash, atopic dermatitis
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| sensitization | refers to the initial exposure of an individual to an allergen, resulting in an immune response; subsequent exposure induces a much stronger response that is clinically apparent
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| immediate GI hypersensitivity | an IgE-mediated rxn to a food allergen; rxns include N/V, abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, anaphylaxis, or all of these
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| cow's milk allergy (CMA) | a multifaceted disorder representing adverse systemic and local GI rxns to cow's milk protein
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| challenge testing | involves reintroducing small quantities of milk in the diet to detect resurgence of symptoms; at times it involves the use of a placebo so that the parent is unaware the timing of allergen ingestion
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| failure to thrive (FTT) | growth failure; is a sign of inadequate growth resulting from an inability to obtain or use calories required for growth
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| dyssomnias | the child has trouble either falling asleep or staying asleep at night or has difficulty staying awake during the day
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| parasomnias | confusional arousals, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, nightmares, and rhythmic movement disorders; these typically occur in children 3 to 8 yrs old
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| graduated extinction | approach to night crying; this involves letting the child cry progressively longer times between brief parental interventions that consist only of reassurance- not rocking, holding, or using a bottle or pacifier
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| plagiocephaly | an oblique or asymmetric head; implies an acquired condition that occurs as a result of cranial molding during infancy
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| colic | described as abdominal pain or cramping that is manifested by loud crying and drawing legs up to the abdomen
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | the sudden death of an infant younger that 1 yr of age remains unexplained after a complete postmortem exam, including investigation of the death scene and review of the case hx
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| sudden unexpected early neonatal death (SUEND) | similar to SIDS but differs in regards to timing of death; occurs in the first week of life
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| sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) | similar to SIDS but differs in regard to timing of death; considered death in the postneonatal period
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| cosleeping | an infant sharing a bed w/ an adult or older child on a noninfant bed, has been reported to have a positive association w/ death
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| prone sleeping | may cause oropharyngeal obstruction of affect thermal balance or arousal state
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