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Lesson 23 Grammar

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Question
Answer
Causautive-passive sentences   Passive versions of causative sentences. "Made to do, or harassed or talked into doing, something that you did not want to do."  
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(I didn't want to sing because I'm not a good singer, but) I was forced to sing. (英語にやくして下さい)   (下手だから歌いたくなかったのに)歌を歌わされました。 (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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(I don't want ot eat it because I don't like meat, but) I am (always) made to eat meat. (英語にやくして下さい)   (きらいだから食べたくないんですが、いつも)肉を食べさせラマ巣。 (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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Causautive-passive ru-verb conjugation   drop -ru and add -sase-rare-ru.  
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Causautive-passive u-verb conjugation   drop -u and add -asare-ru. For す-ending verbs, drop -u and add -ase-rare-ru  
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食べる (give the causative-passive conjugation)   食べさせられる (give the plain form)  
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話す (give the causative-passive conjugation)   話させられる (give the plain form)  
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書く (give the causative-passive conjugation)   書かされる (give the plain form)  
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読む (give the causative-passive conjugation)   読まされる (give the plain form)  
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およぐ (give the causative-passive conjugation)   およがされる (give the plain form)  
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買う (give the causative-passive conjugation)   買わされる (give the plain form)  
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立つ (give the causative-passive conjugation)   立たされる (give the plain form)  
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とる (give the causative-passive conjugation)   とらされる (give the plain form)  
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あそぶ (give the causative-passive conjugation)   あそばされる (give the plain form)  
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する (give the causative-passive conjugation)   させられる (give the plain form)  
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くる (give the causative-passive conjugation)   こさせられる (give the plain form)  
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Original causative-passive form   書かせられる. More transparently a combination, and gramatically correct, but 書かされる type is more common.  
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Original causative-passive form, note for review   ru-verb and す-ending verb conjugation is combination of forms: -(s)ase-rare, but u-verbs not ending in す are a contracted for -asare. (give the plain form)  
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私は彼女に車をあらわされました。(Give the explanation and translation)   (puppet)は(puppet master)に(action) (Translation: I was tricked by my girlfriend into washing her car.)  
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Causative-passive, particles   "puppet" marked by は, が, (も?). "puppet master" usually goes with に. "action" includes a causative-passive form verb.  
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Causative-passive, brief explanation for review   The puppet is forced into performing an action by the puppet master, who wields power over, and manipulates, the puppet.  
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Causative-passive versus causative actor placement comparison   私は友だちに (causative-passive) 友だちは私に (causative) 宿題を手つだわされました。  
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Causative-passive versus plain comparison.   ゆみはお母さんに勉強させられました。(Yumi was ordered by her mother to study.) versus ゆみは勉強しました。(Yumi studied.) ("puppet master" added and conjugation changed to causative-passive.)  
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AてもB   B, even if A  
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ても versus たら comparison 1   雨がふっても、ピクニックに行きます。(I will go on a picnic even if it rains.) versus 雨がふったら、ピクニックに行きません。(I will not go on a picnic if it rains.)  
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ても versus たら comparison 2   あつくても、エアコンをつけません。(I will not turn on the air conditioner, even if it is hot.) versus あつかったら、エアコンをつけます。  
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ても versus たら comparison 3   子供でも、わかります。。(Even a child will get it.) versus 子供だったら、わかりません。(If you are a child, you will not get it.)  
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~ても formation, verbs   Add も to て form.  
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~ても formation, い-adjectives   Add も to て form.  
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~ても formation, な-adjectives   Add でも.  
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~ても formation, nouns   Add でも.  
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~ても formation, negative for all types   Change ない to なくて and add も.  
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~ても formation, note for review   verb たら and ても forms similar, but adjective and noun たら and でも forms look very different.  
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~ても clause tense   There is none. Present or past tense can be in following clause.  
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I went to class every day, even if it rained.   私は、雨がふっていても、毎日、授業に行きました。  
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I would have taken the Japanese class, even if it could have been difficult.   日本語の授業がむずかしくても、とったでしょう。  
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~ことにする   "decide to do"  
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ことにする use   with verbs, either positive or negative. Decide to do or not to do.  
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車を買うことにしました。 (英語にやくして下さい)   We have decided to buy a car. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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あの人がかわいそうだから、あまり、文くを言わないことにします。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I will not make too many complaints. I am feeling sorry for him already。 (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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ことにしよう   Replaces volitional form. Suggests an activity while implying that you have deliberated about it.  
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ことにしよう, partial example   行くことにしよう replaces 行こう  
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今年の夏はベトナムに行くことにしよう (英語にやくして下さい)   Let's take the plunge. Let's go to Vietnam this summer. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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ことにしている   "do something as a regular practice."  
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ことにしている, further explanation   "You have made up your mind that you should do something and have stuck to that determination."  
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毎日十一時にねることにしています。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I make it a rule to go to bed at eleven every night. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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絶対におさけを飲まないことにしています。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I have made this firm decision not to drink and have strictly followed it. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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~まで   A まで means "till A."  
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まで, further explanation   "A まで B" is the description of the change that coincides or causes the end of B. The A, therefore, is usually a verb of the "change" kind.  
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まで, conjugation   Always positive present tense before まで.  
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晴れるまで、きっ茶店でコーヒーを飲みながら、待ちます。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I will wait in the coffee shop, drinking coffee, till it clears up. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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日本語が上手になるまで、国に帰りません。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I will not go back to my country, till I become fluent in Japanese (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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まで, subject particles   Subject of the first clause marked with が rather than は when different from the subject of the second clause.  
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赤ちゃんがねるまで、(私は)歌を歌ってあげます。 (英語にやくして下さい)   I will sing a lullaby till the baby falls asleep. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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まで, usage for past   Possible, but first clause still in present tense. Second tense in past.  
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日本の生活にかれるまで、大へんでした。 (英語にやくして下さい)   It was tough until I got used to living in Japan. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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~かた   ~方  
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~方   "The way in which an action is performed" or "how to do."  
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~方, formation   Follows verb stem.  
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およぐ(方 form)   およぎかた  
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考える(方 form)   考え方  
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およぎかた(意味)   how to swim  
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考え方(意味)   the way people think  
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漢字を読む(方 form)   漢字の読み方  
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はしを使う(方 form)   はしの使い方  
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空港に行く(方 form)   空港の行き方  
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おふろに入る(方 form)   おふろの入り方  
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漢字の読み方(意味)   how to read the kanji; pronunciation  
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はしの使い方(意味)   how to use chopsticks  
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空港の行き方(意味)   how to go to the airport  
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おふろの入り方(意味)   how to take a bath  
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お風ろ(ひらがな)   おふろ(漢字)  
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~方, compound verbs (e.g. 勉強する)   replace object particle with の and put のし方 after the verb noun  
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日本語を勉強する(方 form)   日本語の勉強のし方  
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ホテルをよやくする(方 form)   ホテルをよやくのし方  
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~方, part of speech   a noun  
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~方, particles that follow   は and を, for example. Because it is a noun.  
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たけしさんのスパゲッティの食べ方はおもしろいです。 (英語にやくして下さい)   The way in which Takeshi eats spaghetti is interesting. (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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すみません。この漢字の書き方を教えていただけませんか。 (英語にやくして下さい)   Excuse me, can you tell me how to write this kanji? (日本語にやくして下さい)  
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