Nuclear fuel cycles
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| Fusion | light nuclei join to form a heavier nuclei
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| Fission | reaction that makes a heavy nucleus split into lighter nuclei
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| Breeding | Process that converts less reactive nuclei into more reactive ones
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| Radioisotopic heating | Using energy from nuclear reactions for heating and electrical generators
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| Four categories of Nuclear fuel | Fusion, Fission, Breeding and Radioisotopic heating
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| most common stellar reaction | Proton Proton process (fusion)
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| Easiest Earth fusion reaction | Deuterium and Tritium (DT)
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| generic fission reaction | n+ X -> L +M +vnf
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| Asymmetric fission | L doesn't equal to M
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| Symmetric fission | L = M
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| three fission fuels | U-235, U-233, Pu-239
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| Neutron Capture Reaction | a nucleus absorbs one or more neutrons forming a heavier nucleus
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| Most popular radionuclides used as heat sources | Plutonium 238
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| half life | The time it takes for it to decay to one half of the initial value
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| Beta Particle Decay | Changes a neutron in the parent into a proton and emits an energetic electron.
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| Alpha Particle Decay | emits an alpha particle and the daughter has two less neutrons and two less protons
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| fissile nuclide | nuclei that has a high probability of performing fission
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| fissionable nuclide | any nuclei that can perform fission reactions, no matter how low their probability of it is
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| Nuclide notation A is | Mass number
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| nuclide notation Z is | atomic number
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| Reaction cross section | The area with the largest probability of a reaction to occur
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| Nuclear Binding Energy | Energy required to split a nucleus into its components
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| Binding energy per nucleon | Divide the BE by the sum of all protons and neutrons of the element
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| Reaction Q-value | the amount of energy released (if positive) and absorbed (if negative) of a nuclear reaction
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| Endergonic Reaction | Q<0 endothermic
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| exoergic Reaction | Q>0 exothermic
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| Threshold Energy | The energy that the particle must supply for the reaction to occur
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| Coulombic Barrier | The force that the nucleus and the incident particle (except gamma photon and neutrons) experience due to charge and distance.
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| uranium fuel cycle | the sequence of processes involved in the production of nuclear power, starting with mining of uranium and ending with the final disposition of waste
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| surface mining, open pit mining | large pits are dug intot he surface o the earth to reach the ore body. the least expensive mining method. 200 meters of the surface. 30% of Uranium comes from this
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| underground mining | deeper than 200 meters. involves excavation of passaways. 50% of Uranium comes from this
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| shaft | vertical mine entrancee
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| adit | horizontal mine entrance
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| leach mining, in situ leaching | liquid solvent is injected into the ore to dissolve the uranium. uranium is then pumped out. 20% of Uranium comes from this
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| steps in the uranium fuel cycle | 1. Mining and Milling 2. Conversion 3. Enrichment 4. Fuel fabrication 5.Reactor operation 6.Interim Storage 7.reprocessing 9.immobilization 10.final disposal
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| Milling | 1 Benefication 2. Leaching 3. Purification 4. Precipatation 5. drying
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| Benefication | the treatment of mined material to improve its properties for subsequent processing
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| waste material in an ore | gangue
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| valuable material in an ore | concentrate
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