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Nuclear Fuel Cycles
Nuclear fuel cycles
| Terms for Chapter 1 | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fusion | light nuclei join to form a heavier nuclei |
| Fission | reaction that makes a heavy nucleus split into lighter nuclei |
| Breeding | Process that converts less reactive nuclei into more reactive ones |
| Radioisotopic heating | Using energy from nuclear reactions for heating and electrical generators |
| Four categories of Nuclear fuel | Fusion, Fission, Breeding and Radioisotopic heating |
| most common stellar reaction | Proton Proton process (fusion) |
| Easiest Earth fusion reaction | Deuterium and Tritium (DT) |
| generic fission reaction | n+ X -> L +M +vnf |
| Asymmetric fission | L doesn't equal to M |
| Symmetric fission | L = M |
| three fission fuels | U-235, U-233, Pu-239 |
| Neutron Capture Reaction | a nucleus absorbs one or more neutrons forming a heavier nucleus |
| Most popular radionuclides used as heat sources | Plutonium 238 |
| half life | The time it takes for it to decay to one half of the initial value |
| Beta Particle Decay | Changes a neutron in the parent into a proton and emits an energetic electron. |
| Alpha Particle Decay | emits an alpha particle and the daughter has two less neutrons and two less protons |
| fissile nuclide | nuclei that has a high probability of performing fission |
| fissionable nuclide | any nuclei that can perform fission reactions, no matter how low their probability of it is |
| Nuclide notation A is | Mass number |
| nuclide notation Z is | atomic number |
| Reaction cross section | The area with the largest probability of a reaction to occur |
| Nuclear Binding Energy | Energy required to split a nucleus into its components |
| Binding energy per nucleon | Divide the BE by the sum of all protons and neutrons of the element |
| Reaction Q-value | the amount of energy released (if positive) and absorbed (if negative) of a nuclear reaction |
| Endergonic Reaction | Q<0 endothermic |
| exoergic Reaction | Q>0 exothermic |
| Threshold Energy | The energy that the particle must supply for the reaction to occur |
| Coulombic Barrier | The force that the nucleus and the incident particle (except gamma photon and neutrons) experience due to charge and distance. |
| uranium fuel cycle | the sequence of processes involved in the production of nuclear power, starting with mining of uranium and ending with the final disposition of waste |
| surface mining, open pit mining | large pits are dug intot he surface o the earth to reach the ore body. the least expensive mining method. 200 meters of the surface. 30% of Uranium comes from this |
| underground mining | deeper than 200 meters. involves excavation of passaways. 50% of Uranium comes from this |
| shaft | vertical mine entrancee |
| adit | horizontal mine entrance |
| leach mining, in situ leaching | liquid solvent is injected into the ore to dissolve the uranium. uranium is then pumped out. 20% of Uranium comes from this |
| steps in the uranium fuel cycle | 1. Mining and Milling 2. Conversion 3. Enrichment 4. Fuel fabrication 5.Reactor operation 6.Interim Storage 7.reprocessing 9.immobilization 10.final disposal |
| Milling | 1 Benefication 2. Leaching 3. Purification 4. Precipatation 5. drying |
| Benefication | the treatment of mined material to improve its properties for subsequent processing |
| waste material in an ore | gangue |
| valuable material in an ore | concentrate |
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