immunity
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| How many lines of defense does the body have and subtypes | 3
First layer
second layer
3rd layer- very specific
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| What are the first line of defense? | Skin and mucous membranes for openings (mouth, nose larynx, trachae)
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| What is an impermeable line of defense? | skin
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| Why are smokers susceptible to lower RTI? | paralyzes cilia, releases toxin causes inflammation
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| What do you know about neutrophils? | Part of the second line of defense, first to arrive on scene, phagocytizes,
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| what happens with increase inflammation | increase permeability of tissues
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| Why is inflammation important | Although painful and annoying, it is good for healing. it brings in blood cells. increases blood flow to the area increasing o2 and nutrients to area, causes increased permeability so neutrophils can squeeze through the tissues
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| why is fever important? | inactivates bacterial toxins which tend to be proteins. proteins in break easily with heat. also increases metabolism
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| Examples of third line of defense? | T cells, B cells, Antibodies aka Ig/ Immunoglobins
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| Drawback of third line of defense? | T cells, B cells and antibodies are specific so it may take time to activate
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| What are some non specific lines of defense | Skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils/macrophages, inflammation, fever
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| Describe characteristics of Innate immunity | rapid- min - hours, nonspecific, recognizes general microbes
similar to each exposure, skin mucous membranes, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, phagocytes, natural killer cells, dendrites
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| describe some second lines of defense | neutrophils, inflammation, fever, Natural killer cells
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| Describe qualiites of adaptive immunity | Slow - days- weeks, specific to microbes, cell killing, tagging of antigens for removal, T and B lymphocytes
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| Which cells are part of innate immunity? | Macrophage/neutrophils, natural killer cells and dendritic cells
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| What is the word for any Foreign substance? | Antigen
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| Who decides that a cell is an antigen? | your immune cells
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| describe characteristics of an antigen | Big, large macromolecules lots of sugars, proteins, cells.
transplant tissue, bacteria, virus,
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| does the immune system recognize the whole bacteria as an antigen? | NO. immune system recognizes a part of the virus/bacteria as an antigen
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| what is an epitope? | the immune cells recognize a PART of the virus/bacteria as foreingn
that part is called epitope. there can be many epitopes
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| If antigens are large macromolecules, why is Penicillin, which is a small chemical, considered a powerful antigen to some people | It is not a big antigen by itself but when Penicillin enters the body and binds to proteins, it now becomes a macromolecule
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| What is Hapten and give an example | a small molecule that can illicent an immunee response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. ex Hapten
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| MHC stands for | Major Histocompatiability Complex
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| how does immune cells recognize normal cells from abnormal cells? | All nucleated cells , except immune cells have a bunch of protein cells caled MHC-1
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| T/f everyones MHC-1 is the same? | False, everyone has a unique MHC-1. identical twins have identical MCH-1, closer the family member the closer the MHC-1 and less likely for rejection
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| why is MHC-1 Cells important? | Its on the surface of all your cells, except immune cells and tells the immune system that they belong and the immune system thus does not phagocytize ( this is important for auto immune disease because of changed or missing MHC-1 cells)
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| What is another word for MHC-1? | HLA or human Leukocyte antigen
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| What happens to a normal cell when a virus enters it? | the normal cell takes the viruses epitope and puts it on its MHC-1 .
this changes, alters MHC-1. when MHC-1 is changes or altered this triggers an immune resposne
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| What are 3 types of granulocytes | Neutrophils, basophils and eopsinophil
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| the only secific cells are? | Lymphocytes T cell and B cells
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| What doe sneutrophils like to do? | engulf, eat,
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| What 2 granulocytes are responsible for inflammation? | Basophils, eosinophils
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| Other names for Neutrophls | Phagocytes, PMN, Polymorphic neucleocytes
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| before an injury where are all the immune cells located? | bone marrow
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| how does monocyte become a macrophage? | it travels through the blood stream as a monocyte released from bone marrow. when thye get to area of inflammation they will enter the tissue and mature as a macrophage
just like neutrophils they are phgocyte
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| Main difference between a monocyte and a neutrophil | both are phagocytic. monocytes turn into macrophages which are good at eating things and they also are presenting antigens, neutrophils dont but they are first to arrive. and is polymorphonuclear.
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| What is MHC-2 | MHC-2 are on immune cells, particularly macrophages. this also detemrines macrophages from neutrophils.
it is not a self expression but it expresses the antigen on its MHC-2
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| What is the link between non specific immunity and specific immunity? | Macrophages
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| What is TCR? | T-Cell Receptor. binds t cells to epitope on Macrophage. makes the t cell recognize epitopes
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| Describe the road from macrophage release in the bone marrow to t cells | Monocytes are located in bone marrow and released int o blood stream as monocytes. once it gets to the injured tissue, it turns into a macrophage which begins to engulfs and presents epitope on MHC-2. once t cells find it it begins to activate
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| besides bone marrow where else can we find macrophages? | lymph nodes, spleen, alveoli, liver (kupffer cells) CNS (migroglia)
skin (Langerhan cells)
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| Macrophages in alveoli are called what? | Alveolar macrophages
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| Macrophages of CNS are called what? | Microglia
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| Macrophage of liver are called what? | Kupffer cells
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| Macrophage of skin cells are called | Langerhan cells
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| What are 2 types of lymphocytes? | T cells or T lymphocytes and B cells / B lymphocytes
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| What percentage of yout wbc are t cells? | 20-25%
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| where do all lymphocytes come from? | bone marrow
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| where do immature t cells go to mature? | Thymus gland located in the neck
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| describe qualities of t cells | 70% of lymphocytes
made in bone marrow
mature in thymus
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| 2 types of t cellls? | Helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells
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| describe helper t cells | AKA CD4 cells because of presence of a surface protein
main target of HIV and help activate other t cells
no direct contact!
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| what are cD4 cells | aka cluster t cells aka cluster of differentiation is a group of proteins that are used as a marker to distinguis T cells
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| what do helper t cells do? | once t cells are activated by macrophages they release cytokines
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| What are cytokines | they stimulate an immune response and stimulate release of macrophages, cytotoxic t cells, natural killer cells and b cells
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| what are cytotoxic t cells also known as? | CD8 cells
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| cytotoxic t cells are activated by what? | helper t cells
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| What ways do cytotixic t cells kill? | releasing toxic cytokines, cytolytic enzymes and perforins
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| What are memory b cells | preactivated B cells that remain dormant for years and possibly lifetime
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| advantage of b cells | Instead of going through the while ordeal of building and antibody. it is already activated and if that antigen is recognized later you have a quicker and more intense response
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| what is an APC? | anticen presenting cell. when a macrophage engulfs the tissue and presents its antigen on its MHC-2 it then becomes an APC
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| what are plasma cells? | when a B cell encounters an epitope it can turn itno a memory b cell or a plasma cell. plasma cells make antibodies
b cell has to encounter the virus
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| What is a lymphocyte | cells riginating from bone marrow
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| Why are NK cells so different? | because they are a lymphocyte like T and B cells but unlike them they are non specific. also unlike other cells they are not stimulated by t cells
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| How do NK cells work? | they directly attack infected cells. they have 2 receptors, Killer activating and Killer inhibiting. when the inhibitnc receptor binds to MHC-1 cells there is no attack, but if it cant attach to MHC-1 cells than it attacks directly.
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| what are antibodies also known as? | Immunoglobulin
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| hat are they main role of immunoglobulin? | to bind and inactivate. they do not engulf
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| describe the structure of an antibody | it is Y shaped. and has 2 regions. the lower region is a constant region called Fc, the same in all antibodies) another part called Variable region Fab is different in all antibodies
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| how do we make different antibodies? | make different Fab / variable region
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| how many types of antibodies and their names | 5
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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| What is th emost immunoglobin in the body? | IgG- 75%
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| describe IgG | most Ig found in the body, only one to cross the placenta to protect the baby, anti viral, anti toxin, antibacterial. main responder
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| describe IgA | second most Ig in body, in body secretions like saliva, nasal and respiratory. protects the mucous membranes. transmitted in breast mik
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| which anitbody crosses the placenta to go to the baby? | IgG
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| which anibody is secreted in breast milk? | IgA
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| describe IgM | formes against AVO reaction, blood transfusion reactions
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| which antibody forms reaction against blood transfutions? | IgM
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| describe IgD cells | very little amount. they are found on b cells needed for maturation of b cells
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| which antibodies are needed for maturation of b cells? | IgD
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| IgE | least amount of antibody
resposnible for anaphylactic reaction, parasytic infection and binds to amst cells adn basophils
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| which antibodies are founf on basophils? | IgE
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| which antibody is responsible for anaphylaxis? | IgE
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| what happens when virus is covered with antibodies? | wont be able to infect
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| what happsn to bacteria or virus once it is bound to antibodies? | macrophges come and eat them up
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| describe maternal and fetus/infant passive immunity | fetus makes no Ig, gets all of it from mother. one born maternal igG drops and total igG in body drops as baby tries to make its own around 2 months after 5 mo no maternal igG found in baby but total igG levels begin to rise as baby makes its own
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| when does baby begin making its own antibodies? | 1-2 months and begins increasing
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| what are cytokines? | small protiens made by immune cells to stimulate other cels of immune system
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| what happens with an over production of cytokines? | there will be chronci inflammation associated with overproduciton of cytokines. causes anorexia and cachexia
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| where can we see an overactivity of cytokines? | AIDS, Cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases like chrones and IBD
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| what are compliment proteins? | made by liver released in inactive state. when they encounter an antigen/antobody process/ epitope it goes through a process act as signals for macrophages]enhance likley hood that macrophage will find it.
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| what is a rare thing that compliment protein can do:? | made by liver, activated by encountering bacteria, clump together to form a pore complex an inserts into bacteria membrane. as a pore it allows water and toxins to get into bacteria and it swells and dies
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| what 2 thins do compliment protien do? | makes bacteria more tasty for macrophages to etect by binding to antigen/antibody complex, also makes pores in bacteria allowinf water and toxins into the membrane causing it to swell and die
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| innate vs adaptive immunity | innate is nonspecifi, rapid is the benefit nad examples are mucous membranes, skin and fever inflammation adaptive is slower but great sensitivity
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| benefit and downfall of innate immunity | rapid but nonsepcific
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| benefit and downfall of adaptive immnity | great snsitivuty but slow to respond
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| another word for MHC | major histocompatibility complex is aka HLA or human leukocyte antigen because it was first ofund on leukocytes
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| how doe MHC become an antigen | if its missing or changed in anyway
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| what re mhc-2 | cells found on immune cells not for self recoginition but for presenitng antigens
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| what are leukocytes | WBC
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| non specific WBC | granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,NK cells, compliment
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| neutrophils | aka PMN, first line, eats anything , phagocytic, permeates because of inflammation
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| how do neutrophils work | engulf and release granules onto organisms and digest it. contains digestive enzymes
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| what is transmigration | neutrophils going through epithelial cells due to inflammation
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| mechanisms for basophils and eosinophils | inflammation they are not phagocytic
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| monocyte- | nonspecific made in bone marrow and released as monocyte turns into macrophage when it encounters inflammed tissues and enters it
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| macrophage | first were monocytes but macrophage engulf similar to neutrophils nonspecific
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| what is an APC | when macrophage engulfs an antigen it expreses its epiotpe on its MHC2 this is called antigen presenting cell
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| what is the link between specific and nonspecific immunity | macrophages because start as monocyte and when it turns itno ApC it binds to t cells ( specific immunity)
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| difference in structure between monocyte and macrophage | monocyte is round and macrophage is mobile and has pseudopods
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| what is a TCR or t cell receptor | binds to epitope on APC after which it goes around looking for that cel
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| what is significance of lymphatic system? | it runs alongside the blood vessles which are always leaking blood. it collects that extrafluid and drains into subclavian vein. they are filters
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| what are lymph nodes | filled with macrophages so we are not dumping infected blood back into system
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| describe how t cells are matured | starts as stem cells in bone marrow and released as pre t cells to the thymus located in neck to mature into t cells
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| ho are helpr t cells activated | by coming in contact with an APC
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| what do helper t cells do | thy activate other immune cells by releasing cytokines whic activate immune cells like macrophage activity, stimulate bone marrow to make mor make more, also make cytotoxic t cells b cells and nk cells do not kill
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| what is another name for helper t cells | CD4 cells cluster of differnetiation
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| how are ytotoxic t cells activated | by cytokines released from CD4
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| what is anothe rworkd for cytotoxic t cells | CD8 cells
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| how do CD8 cells work | toxic to other cells. estroys directly acter cehcking cells for altered mhc1 it releases toxic cytokines, releaes digestive enzymes called cytolytic enzymes and release proteins called preforins which causes cells to lyse
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| how are b cells activated | stays in bone mrow until cytokiens released by helper t cels cause its activation it also binds directly to t cells
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| what are plasma cells | aka mature b cells once it comes into contact with t cells it turns into plasma cells and begin to make antibodies
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| how does NK cells work? | non specific they go around and use their killer activating receptor to bind than tries to bind the killer inhibitroy receptors to MHC1 until it finds an altered one to destroy it
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| how are NK cells activated? | cytokines
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| what do antibodeis do? | they bind and inactivate
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| another word for antibodies | immunoglobulins
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| how many immunoglobulins do we have? | 5 GAMDE
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| igG | largest amount croses placenta, antibacterial antitoxin and antiviral, largest immune resposne
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| IgE | not so much for immune response moslty for hypersensitivity
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| igA | found in body secretions like saliva, nasal resp secretions so mostly founf in body openings also secreted in breast mil
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| igM | for bood trasnfusion
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| igD | found on B cells for maturaiton of b cells
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| what happens whenantibody is bound to antigen? | its inactivated and macrophages come and eat it
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| opsinization | a bacteria thats covered in immunoglobulins
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| pros and cons of cytokines | good because it mounts an immune reaction but too much is bad can cause anorexia by impairing apetite and cause cachexia or wasting by breaking down and catabolizing
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| where might we see an overproduction of cytokines? | Chorns, IBD chronic inflammation AIDS ( anorexia cachexia)
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| where are compliment porteins maid | liver
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| who might have defects in making compliment proteins? | liver disease pts
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| how do compliment proteins work? | bonds to antigen/antibody complex and signals the macrophages to come and inactivates enhances liklyhood macrophages will see it, can also form pores on membranes allowing ions and wate rto flow through causing lysis
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| what are stable cells? | ex are heptocyte which can regenerate if necessary
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