Imagery and Memory
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| What is the concreteness effect? | Paivio found that memory was better during the cue test with concrete items.
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| What did Shepard (1967) and Standing (1973) discover of memory for pictures? | Shepard had Ss view 612 photos then complete a recognition test - perfect scores. Standing showed Ss 10K photos over 5 days, then recognition test - 66% correct.
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| What is the Picture Superiority Effect say? | As age increases memory for images increases, but memory for words stays about the same.
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| Bower & Winzenz (1970) benefit of imagery instructions. | Ss learned pairs of nouns either words repeated 3x or shown an interactive image. In the cue task, the imagery group had much better memory.
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| Describe McDaniel et al (2000) Bizarre Imagery Effect research. | Presented Ss with sentences with three nouns; Imagery vs. not and bizarre vs. not. Free recall of nouns showed that imagery is better and bizarreness is better.
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| Why is imagery better? | Distinctive and helps information to stand out.
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| Imagery mnemonics: imagery with a substitution | Name learning: think of a vivid word that sounds like name & link to their appearance.
Foreign word learning: Think of a vivid word that sounds similar & link with meaning through imagery.
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| Imagery mnemonics: Method of Loci | Imagine yourself "walking" through the spatial layout as a way to retrieve items.
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| Imagery mnemonics: Pegword Method | Pegwords are used to form a mental image of certain items in order to later remember them. The more bizarre the better!
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| What aspects allow the Loci and pegword methods to work? | Distinctiveness and Organization
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