Respiratory
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| Define External respiration? | Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung and the environment
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| Define Internal Respiration? | Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
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| What does the Pharynx consist of? | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Eustachian tubes
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| What anatomy makes up the nose? | Turbonates (conchae), Paranasal sinuses, Smell receptors, Nasolacrimal ducts
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| What does the bronchial tree consist of? | Left and Right bronchus, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles (alveolar ducts), Alveoli
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| How does oxygenated blood return to the heart for distribution to the body? | Pulmonary veins
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| Define visceral pleura? | Thin, moist serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung
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| Define parietal pleura? | Thin, moist serous membrane that covers the thoracic cavity
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| Define pleural cavity? | Airtight vacuum that contains negative pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated
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| How is respiration regulated? | Nervous Control-medulla oblongata and pons of the brain; chemoreceptors-in the carotid and aorta
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| What are some types of adventitious breath sounds? | Sibilant wheezes, Sonorous wheezes, Crackles, Pleural friction rubs
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| List non-invasive diagnostic lung tests? | Chest x-ray (Roentgenogram), Computed Tomography (CT),Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
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| List invasive diagnostic lung tests? | Mediastinoscopy, Laryngoscopy, Bronchoscopy
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| List lung lab tests? | Sputum specimen, Cytology studies
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| What is a surgical intervention for aspiration of fluids with a needle? | Thoracentesis
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| How is dissolved oxygen expressed in arterial blood gases? | PaO2
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| How is oxygen bonded with hemoglobin expressed in arterial blood gases? | SaO2
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| The respiratory component of the acid-base balance shows what? | The relationship between pH and PaCO2
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| What is an invasive technique to measure arterial blood gases? | Radial artery stick
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| What is a non-invasive technique to measure arterial blood gases? | Pulse oximetry
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| How does a pulse ox work? | measures the amount of light being absorbed by oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and displays a percentage value
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| What are clinical manifestations of deviated septum? | Stertorous breathing, Dyspnea, Postnasal drip
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| What causes deviated septum? | caused by congenital abnormality or injury
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| What are Nasal Polyps caused by? | caused by inflammation
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| What are the clinical manifestations of nasal polyps? | Stertorous breathing, Dyspnea, Postnasal drip
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| What are three possible diagnostic tests used to diagnose allergic rhinitis? | Physical exam, Skin testing, Serum radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
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| Signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea? | Apneic, Headache, Personality changes, Hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias
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| Diagnostic test for obstructive sleep apnea? | Polysomnography
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| Medical management for moderate to severe sleep apnea? | Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP); Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP).
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| Two types of histamine receptors? | Histamine 1 (H1) receptors: Mediate smooth muscle contraction and dilation of capillaries; Histamine 2 (H2) receptors: Mediate acceleration of the heart rate and gastric acid secretion.
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| List traditional antihistamines? | diphenhydramine (Benadryl), azatadine (Optimine), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), promethazine (Phenergan), brompheniramine (Dimetane)
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| What are some non-drowsy antihistamines? | fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Claritin)
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| Three groups of nasal decongestants? | Adrenergics ( sympathomimetics), Topical corticosteroids, Anticholinergics
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| Types of adrenergics (sympathomimetics)? | oxymetazoline (Afrin), pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
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| Types of topical corticosteroids? | beclomethasone dipropionate (Beconase), fluticasone (Flonase), triamcinolone (Nasacort)
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| Name an anticholinergic? | ipratropium (Atrovent)
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| Side effects of decongestants? | Nervousness, Insomnia, Palpitations, Tremor
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| Most common adverse effects of intranasal steroids are? | localized and include mucosal irritation and dryness
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| The walls of the thoracic cavity are lined with a serious membrane composed of tough endothelial cells called? | PARIETAL PLEURA
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| What finding is most closely associated with TB? | night sweats
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| What is cor pumonale? | A complication that may occur in COPD, in which some of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli are destroyed, resulting in pulmonary hypertension, blood returning to the right side of the heart, and signs and symptoms of right-sided HF.
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| Most pulmonary embolisms (PEs) originate from what? | DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
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| Chest pain from pulmonary embolism (PE) is typically described as? | sudden, sharap, constant, nonradiating, pleuritic and worsens on inspiration
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| Peak flow monitoring measures what? | HOW WELL AIR MOVES OUT OF THE LUNGS DURIN FORCEFUL EXHALATION
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| The primary goal for the patient with bronchiectasis is that the patient will? | maintain removal of bronchial secretions
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| What is a nursing intervention for a pt with “ineffective airway clearance” diagnosis? | 1)OFFER SMALL, FREQUENT, HIGH CALORIE PROTIEN FEEDINGS, 2) ENCOURAGE GENEROUS FLUID INTAKE, and 3) HAVE PT TURN AND COUGH EVERY 2 HOURS; TEACH EFFECTIVE COUGHING TECHNIQUE
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| The patient with respiratory acidosis demonstrates what? | 1) DISORIENTATION, 2) pH OF LESS THAN 7.35, and 3) RAPID RESPIRATIONS
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| Patient teaching after a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy would include: | 1) AVOID ATTEMPTING TO CLEAR THE THROAT, COUGHING, AND SNEEZING, 2) AVOID VIGOROUS NOSE BLOWING FOR 1 TO 2 WEEKS, 3) RESUME FOODS AND FLUIDS AS TOLERATED, and 4) NOTIFY THE PHYSICIAN IN CASE OF INCREASED PAIN, FEVER, OR BLEEDING
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| Medical management of pulmonary edema includes what? | 1) FUROSEMIDE (LASIX), 2) OXYGEN THERAPY, 3) HIGH FOWLERS POSITION, and 4) MORPHINE SULFATE TO DECREASE RESPIRATORY RATE
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| Pt education on sputum collection should include what? | 1) EXPLAIN THE NEED TO COLLECT THE SPECIMEN, 2) ENCOURAGE FLUID INTAKE, 3) NOTIFY STAFF AS SOON AS SPECIMEN IS COLLECTED SO IT CAN BE SENT TO THE LAB WITHOUT DELAY, 4) PLACE SPUTUM SPECIMEN IN STERILE CONTAINER
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| Medical management and nursing interventions of the patient with pulmonary embolism usually include: | 1) BED REST, 2) ADMISTRATION OF IN HEPARIN PER PROTOCOL, 3) ELEVATION OF LOWER EXTREMITIES, 4) OXYGEN PER MASK OR NC
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| A new blood assay test that offers a promising alternative in TB testing is? | QuantiFERON-TB Gold Test
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| Rapid and deeper respirations are stimulated by the respiratory center of the brain when? | carbon dioxide levels increase
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| The tendency of molecules of a substance to move from a region of high concetration to one of lower concentration is the passive process at in in the exchange of gases between the blood capillary and alveolar area is? | Diffusion
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| Each alveolus is coated with a thin lipoprotein covering that prevents it from collapsing after each breath called? | surfactant
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| The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external respiration takes place where? | alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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| An abnormal condition in which there is discomfort in breathing in any but an erect sitting position is called? | Orthopnea
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| The CDC currently recommends that healthcare workers who care for TB-infected pt wear what type of mask? | a small-micron, fitted filtration mask
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| When should physicial ordered blood culture and sputum diagnostic tests be given? | before initiation of antibiotic therapy
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| An important nursing intervention related to a pt who just returned from a bronchoscopy is? | No food or fluids should be given until the pt gag reflex returns
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| What type of thoracic drainage system should be used to promote reexpansion of a lung after a lacerated pleura? | Closed system to maintain the lungs' normal negative pressure
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| A therapeutic nursing intervention for a 2nd day post op pt recovering from thoracic surgery would be? | Helping the pt cough and deep breathe by splinting the anterior and posterior chest
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| Discharge teaching for a pt with epistaxis would include? | Avoid vigorous nose blowing and strnuous activity
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| Which type of medication is used as rescue medication in an acute asthma exacerbation? | Short acting beta1 -agonists
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| What is cor pulmonale characterized by? | Right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to increased pulmonary vascular resistance
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| Asthma is best characterized as? | an inflammatory disease
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| The most common etiologic factor for a noncompliant TB patient is? | little or not motivation to adhere to a long-term drug regimen
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| What are three types of anthrax? | Cutaneous, gastrointestional, inhalational
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| An appropriate nursing intervention for a pt with active TB would be? | place the patient in acid-fast bacilli (AFB) isolation precautions
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| Define adventitious? | abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds, including sibilant wheezes, sonorous wheezes, crackles, and pleural friction rubs
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| Define atelectasis? | the collapse of alveoli, preventing the resiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; occures from occlusion of air to a portion of the lung; common postoperative complication from a mucous plug resulting from shallow breathing; leads to lung collapse
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| Define bronchoscopy? | allows visualization of the larynx, the trachea, and the bronchi using a bronchoscope
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| Define cor pumonale? | an abnormal cardiac condition characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle as a result of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation; results from edema; is a late complication of emphysema
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| Define coryza? | also known as rhinitis or the common cold; is an inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses and characterized by edema of the nasal mucous membrane; caused by a virus
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| Define crackles? | short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds that are most commonly heard during inspiration; occur when air is forced through respiratory passages narrowed by fluid, mucus, or pus
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| Define cyanosis? | slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark purpole discoloration of the skin resulting from excessive amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
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| Define dyspnea? | difficulty breathing; is a subjective finding
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| Define embolism? | caused by the passage of a foreign substance into the pulmonary artery or its branches resulting in obstruction of the blood supply to lung tissue and subsequent collapse; most common pulmonary perfusion abnormality
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| Define empyema? | accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural space; caused when fluid becomes infected
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| Define epistaxis? | bleeding from the nose; caused by congestion of the nasal membranes leading to capillary rupture
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| Define exacerbation? | an increase in the serriousness of a disease or disorder as marked by greater intensity in the signs or symptoms of emphysema
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| Define extrinsic? | to be caused by external factors such as environmental allergens
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| Define hypercapnia? | greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| Define hypoventilation? | the condition in which the amount of air that enters the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange is not adequate for the body's metabolic needs
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| Define hypoxia? | oxygen deficiency
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| Define intrinsic? | to be caused by internal causes
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| Define orthopnea? | an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably
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| Define pleural friction rubs? | low-pitched, grating or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration
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| Define pneumothorax? | a collection of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lungs to collapse
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| Define sibilant wheeze? | musical, high-pitched, squeaking or whistling sounds caused by rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles.
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| Define sonorous wheeze? | low-pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sounds
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| Define stertorous? | characterized by a harsh snoring sound; is a major manifestation of nasal septal deviations and polyps
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| Define tachypnea? | an abnormally rapid rate of breathing
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| Define thoracentesis? | inserting a needlelike instrument into the pleural space and removing the fluid
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| Deifine virulent? | capable of producing disease
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| Define adrenergics (sympathomimetics)? | drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system which use epinephrine or epinephrine-like substances as neurotransmitters
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| Define antagonists? | drugs that exert an action opposite to that of other drug or compete for the same receptor sites
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| Define anticholinergics (parasympatholytics)? | drugs that block the action of acetylcholine and similar substances at acetylcholine receptors, which results in inhibition of the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses
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| Define antigens? | substances that, upon entering the body, are capable of inducing specific products of such responses, such as certain antibodies and specifically sensitezed T lymphocytes; can be soluble, particulate, insoluble
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| Define antihistamines? | substances capable of reducing the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of histamine, including a wide variety of drugs that block histamine receptors
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| Define antitussive? | a drug that reduces couphing, often by inhibiting neural activity in the cough center of the CNS
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| Define corticosteroids? | any of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, either in natural or synthetic drug form. Effect metabolic processes throughout the body.
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| Define decongestants? | drugs that reduce congestion or swelling, especially of the upper or lower respiratory tract
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| Define empiric therapy? | a method of treating disease based on observations and experience without knowledge of the precise cause of or mechanism responsible for the disorder or the way in which the therapeutic drug or procedure produces improvement or cure
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| Define expectorants? | drugs that increase the flow of fluid in the respiratory tract, usually by reducing the viscosity of bronchial and tracheal secretions, and facilitate their removal by coughing and ciliary action
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| Define histamine antagonists? | drugs that compete with histamine for binding sites on histamine receptors
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| Define influenza? | a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract caused by a myxovirus and transmitted by airborne droplets
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| Define nonsedating antihistamines? | newer medications that work peripherally to block the actions of histamine and therefore do not have the central nervous system effects of many of the older antihistamines; second generation antihistamines; aka peripherally acting antihistamines
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| Define reflex stimulation? | an irritaion of the respiratory tract occurring in response to an irritation of the GI tract
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| Define rhinovirus? | any of about 100 serologically distinct ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that cause about 40% of acute respiratory illnesses.
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| Define sympathomimetic drugs? | a class of drugs whose effects mimic those resulting from the stimulation of organs and structures by the sympathetic nervous system. They do this by occupying adrenergic receptor sites and acting as agonists.
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| Define palliative? | drugs that treat symptoms of an illness or disease process but not the cause
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| Define allergen? | any substance that evokes an allergic response
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| Define allergic asthma? | bronchial asthma caused by hypersensitivity to an allergen
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| Define bronchial asthma? | the general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting from narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles; often referred to simply as asthma.
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| Define bronchodialators? | medications that imporve airflow by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle cells
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| Define emphysema? | a condition of the lungs characterized by enlargement of the air spaces distal to the bronchioles
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| Define immunoglobulins? | proteins belonging to any of five structurally and antigenically distinct classes of antibodies present in the serum and external secretions of the body; play a major role in immune responses
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| Define status asthmaticus? | a prolonged asthma attack
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| Define aerobic? | requiring oxygen for the maintenance of life
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| Define antitubercular drugs? | drugs used to treat infections caused by mycobacterium bacterial species
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| Define bacillus? | a rod-shaped bacterium
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| Define granulomas? | small nodular aggregations of inflammatory cells; usually characterized by clearly delimited boundaries as found in tuberculosis?
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| Define isoniazid? | the primary and most commonly prescribed TB drug
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| Define multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)? | TB that deomnstrates resistance to two or more drugs
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| Define slow acetylator? | an individual with a genetic defect that causes a deficiency in the enzyme needed to metabolize isoniazid
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| Define tubercle? | the characteristic lesion of TB; a small round gray translucent granulomatous lesion, usually with a caseated (cheesy) consistency in ints inerior
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| Define tubercle bacilli? | another common name for rod-shaped TB bacteria
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princess3734
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