PSY 150 Chapter 10
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| Actor/Observer Bias | Our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves. |
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| Altruism | Helping another without being motivated by self-gain. | Helping Behavior |
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| Attribution | The act of assigning cause to behavior. |
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| Aversive Racism | A proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead them to discriminate against African Americans. |
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| Bystander Effect | The idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help. |
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| Central Route of Persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments. | This route of persuasion requires motivation and available cognitive resources. | Facts & Figures
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| Cognitive Consistency | The idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another. |
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| Cohesiveness | The degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups |
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| Collectivistic Culture | A culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments. |
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| Compliance | Yielding to a simple request. |
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| Conformity | Behaving in accordance with group norms. |
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| Contact Hypothesis | The theory that contact between groups in an effective means of reducing prejudice between them. |
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| Deindividuation | A state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals. |
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| Destructive Obedience | Obedience to immoral, unethical demands to cause harm to others. |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility | The idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event. |
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| Discrimination | The behavioral expression of a prejudice. |
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| Dissonance Theory | A theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel dissonance |
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| Dissonance | An uncomfortable physical state. |
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| Door-in-the-Face Compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request. |
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| Foot-in-the Door Compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves the way for compliance with a second, larger request. |
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| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis | The idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error | Our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others. |
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| Groupthink | A situation in which a group fixates on one decision and members blindly assume that it is the correct decision. |
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| Hostile Aggression | Aggression that is meant to cause harm to others |
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| Impression Formation | The way that we understand and make judgments about others. |
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| In-Group Bias | Our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do. |
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| Individualistic Culture | A culture, like many Western cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments. |
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| Informational Conformity | Conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes. |
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| Instrumental Aggression | Aggression that is used to facilitate the attainment of a goal. |
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| Low-Balling | Increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself. |
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| Matching Hypothesis | The theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own. |
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| Normative Conformity | Conformity that occurs when group members change their behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes. |
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| Obedience | Yielding to a demand. |
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| Out-Group | A group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of more hostility or dislike than one's group. |
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| Out-Group Homogeneity Bias | Our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike. |
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| Peripheral Route of Persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasive arguments or generate counterarguments | This route ensues when one lacks motivation and/or available cognitive resources. |
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| Persuasion | A type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes. |
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| Pluralistic Ignorance | The idea that we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether a situation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping, we may conclude that help isn't needed. |
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| Prejudice | A largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics. |
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| Prosocial Behavior | Behavior that helps others |
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| Proximity | Physical Closeness |
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| Psychological Distance | The degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of his/her actions. |
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| Realistic-Conflict Theory | The theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources. |
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| Reciprocity | A strong norm that states that we should treat others as they treat us. |
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| Scapegoat | An out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems. |
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| Self-Serving Bias | Our tendency to make attributions that preserve our own self-esteem - for example, making trait attributions for our success and situational attributions for our failures. |
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| Situational Attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristic of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs. |
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| Slippery Slope | The use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey increasing demands. |
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| Social Cognition | The area of social psychology that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves. |
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| Social Facilitation | Performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone. |
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| Social Loafing | When group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone. |
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| Social Psychology | The branch of psychology that studies how we think and behave in social situations. |
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| Stereotype | A schema for a particular group of people. |
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| Stereotype Threat | A phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-conforming behaviors. |
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| Superordinate Goal | A goal that is shared by different groups. |
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| That's-not-all | Increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives. |
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| Trait Attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged. |
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| Attitude | An evaluative belief that we hold about something. |
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| Norm | Unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave. |
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