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PSY 150 Chapter 10
| Term | Definition | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Actor/Observer Bias | Our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves. | ||
| Altruism | Helping another without being motivated by self-gain. | Helping Behavior | |
| Attribution | The act of assigning cause to behavior. | ||
| Aversive Racism | A proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead them to discriminate against African Americans. | ||
| Bystander Effect | The idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help. | ||
| Central Route of Persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments. | This route of persuasion requires motivation and available cognitive resources. | Facts & Figures |
| Cognitive Consistency | The idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another. | ||
| Cohesiveness | The degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups | ||
| Collectivistic Culture | A culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments. | ||
| Compliance | Yielding to a simple request. | ||
| Conformity | Behaving in accordance with group norms. | ||
| Contact Hypothesis | The theory that contact between groups in an effective means of reducing prejudice between them. | ||
| Deindividuation | A state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals. | ||
| Destructive Obedience | Obedience to immoral, unethical demands to cause harm to others. | ||
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event. | ||
| Discrimination | The behavioral expression of a prejudice. | ||
| Dissonance Theory | A theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel dissonance | ||
| Dissonance | An uncomfortable physical state. | ||
| Door-in-the-Face Compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request. | ||
| Foot-in-the Door Compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves the way for compliance with a second, larger request. | ||
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis | The idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior. | ||
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others. | ||
| Groupthink | A situation in which a group fixates on one decision and members blindly assume that it is the correct decision. | ||
| Hostile Aggression | Aggression that is meant to cause harm to others | ||
| Impression Formation | The way that we understand and make judgments about others. | ||
| In-Group Bias | Our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do. | ||
| Individualistic Culture | A culture, like many Western cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments. | ||
| Informational Conformity | Conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes. | ||
| Instrumental Aggression | Aggression that is used to facilitate the attainment of a goal. | ||
| Low-Balling | Increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself. | ||
| Matching Hypothesis | The theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own. | ||
| Normative Conformity | Conformity that occurs when group members change their behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes. | ||
| Obedience | Yielding to a demand. | ||
| Out-Group | A group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of more hostility or dislike than one's group. | ||
| Out-Group Homogeneity Bias | Our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike. | ||
| Peripheral Route of Persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasive arguments or generate counterarguments | This route ensues when one lacks motivation and/or available cognitive resources. | |
| Persuasion | A type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes. | ||
| Pluralistic Ignorance | The idea that we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether a situation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping, we may conclude that help isn't needed. | ||
| Prejudice | A largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics. | ||
| Prosocial Behavior | Behavior that helps others | ||
| Proximity | Physical Closeness | ||
| Psychological Distance | The degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of his/her actions. | ||
| Realistic-Conflict Theory | The theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources. | ||
| Reciprocity | A strong norm that states that we should treat others as they treat us. | ||
| Scapegoat | An out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems. | ||
| Self-Serving Bias | Our tendency to make attributions that preserve our own self-esteem - for example, making trait attributions for our success and situational attributions for our failures. | ||
| Situational Attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristic of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs. | ||
| Slippery Slope | The use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey increasing demands. | ||
| Social Cognition | The area of social psychology that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves. | ||
| Social Facilitation | Performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone. | ||
| Social Loafing | When group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone. | ||
| Social Psychology | The branch of psychology that studies how we think and behave in social situations. | ||
| Stereotype | A schema for a particular group of people. | ||
| Stereotype Threat | A phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-conforming behaviors. | ||
| Superordinate Goal | A goal that is shared by different groups. | ||
| That's-not-all | Increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives. | ||
| Trait Attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged. | ||
| Attitude | An evaluative belief that we hold about something. | ||
| Norm | Unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave. |
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