Earthquake Vocab
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| Earthquake | Energy waves passing through Earth, caused by a sudden shift along a fault line, or by volcanic activities.
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| Crust | Outermost, rocky layer of Earth.
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| Fault | Crack within Earth's rocky crust, where rocks move past each other.
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| Mantle | A layer of Earth's surface, lying just below the crust and above the inner core.
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| Lithosphere | Outermost layer of Earth's surface which is rocky and solid; includes the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle.
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| Lithospheric Plates | One of the pieces of Earth's rocky crust that rests and moves on the semi-liquid mantle.
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| Seismologist | A person who studies earthquakes.
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| Epicenter | The point on the surface directly above the focus.
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| Focus | The point at which a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake.
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| Seismic Waves | Energy an earthquake releases.
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| P-Waves | Causes buildings to contract and expand.
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| S-Waves | Shakes buildings from side to side.
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| Surface Waves | Shakes buildings violently.
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| Seismograph | A device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves.
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| Richter Scale | Determines the magnitude by measuring seismic waves and fault movements.
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| Mercalli Scale | Determines the rate of an earthquake by looking at the damage.
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| Moment Magnitude Scale | Estimates a rating system.
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| Liquefaction | The process in which an earthquake's violent shaking turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud.
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| Tsunami | Large ocean waves usually caused by strong earthquakes below the ocean floor.
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| Aftershock | An earthquake that occurs after a large earthquake centered in the same area.
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| Base Isolators | Reduces the amount of energy that reaches a building during an earthquake.
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| Shear Core Wall | Walls used to protect a building from falling over in an earthquake.
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| Tension Ties | Tie the floor and ceiling of a building together. They scatter the damage, reducing the energy.
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| Cross Braces | Placed between stories to stiffen a buildings frame and absorb the energy during an earthquake.
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| Mass Damper | Absorb most of the energy from seismic waves. Reduce great damage.
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| Flexible Pipes | Pipes that bend while earthquake energy passes through them. Prevent fires and floods.
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| Shearing | Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions in a sideways movement.
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| Plateau | A land form that has high elevation and a more or less surface.
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| Tension | Pulls on the crust, makes the middle of the rock thinner.
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| Compression | Squeezes the rock and folds or breaks it.
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| Normal Fault | The hanging wall slips downward below the footwall.
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| Reverse Fault | The hanging wall slides up and over the footwall.
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| Strike-Slip Fault | There is little up-or-down motion.
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