Fractures
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| generally along the long axis of the bone. Bending force along with compression force. (Incomplete fracture) | green stick fracture
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| simple break, clean across, perpendicular force exertion to the long axis of the bone. (Complete fractures) | transverse fracture
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| break at an angle across bone, runs diagonally across the diaphysis, resulting from angulation and compression force. (Complete fractures) | oblique fracture
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| high level forces generate two or more fragments, can shorten length of the bone because of crushing effect (Complete fracture) Butterfly and segmintal are types of this facture | comminuted fracture
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| More common in children. Fracture with exaggerated curvature along length of the bone. (Incomplete fracture) | Bow Fracture
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| fracture resulting from compression forces. Bone thus buckles.(Incomplete Fracture) | Torus or buckle fracture
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| a ‘caving in’ of the bone. Usually in the skull. (Incomplete Fracture) | Depressed Fracture
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| circles the shaft, from rotational forces. (Complete Fracture) | Spiral Fracture
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| growth plate fracture to cartilage and surrounding bone. (Complete Fracture) | Epiphyseal Fracture
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| trauma that occurs prior to death | Antemortem Trauma
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| trauma that occurs during or close to death | Perimortem Trauma
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| really called postmortem alteration, as it no longer disrupts living tissue | Postmortem Trauma
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| a defect that is present at birth. Arises during gestation or due to heredity. | Congenital Variation
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| an opening or split in the roof of the mouth that occurs when the tissue doesn't fuse together during development in the womb (Congential Variation) | Cleft lip and Cleft palate
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| a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle tone or posture (Congential Variation | Cerebral Palsy
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| a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly (Congential Variation | Spina Bifida
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| Curvature of the spine, often due to unknown causes (Congential Variation) | Scoliosis
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| Degenerative joint disease - Osteoarthritis (OA), Generally associated with use and afflicts spine & joints, Most common in knees, hands, hips, and spine | Degenerative Variation
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| disease of infancy and childhood characterized by softening of the bones, caused by a lack of vitamin D. (Disease Process Variation) | Rickets
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| infection of bone tissue, results in destruction of cancellous bone (Disease Process Variation) | Osteomyelitis
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| common bone cancer, primarily affecting the long bones, particularly those in the knee, hip, or shoulder regions (Disease Process Variation) | Osteosarcoma
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| disease characterized by the thinning of bones due often to poor nutrition (Disease Process Variation) | Osteoporosis
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| a rare condition characterized by overgrowth of the bones, skin, and other tissues (Disease Process Variation) | Proteus Syndrome
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| a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact (Disease Process Variation) | Syphilis
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| Porotic hypertosis that is visible within the orbits (poor nutrition) | Cribra orbitalia
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| Animals break apart body/skeleton and chew on bones leaving teeth marks and broken bones (Post Mortem Trauma) | Scavenging
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| Most common with prehistoric water burials (Post Mortem Trauma) | Crushing
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| Generally difficult to analyze due to limited number of any morphological features due to lack of bone presence, Cremation is done for funerary practices or performed to hide a criminal act,In most fire cases, remains of bone can usually be located. | Cremains – Cremated Remains
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| Normal anatomical variation Skeletal anomalies Pathological conditions Skeletal changes related to repetitive activity | Individual Skeletal Variation
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| so that in vivo processes are not confused with trauma or taphonomic alterations. | Why is recognizing morphological variation important
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| The range of morphological expression in individual skeletons -Genetic Coding | Normal Variation
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| Shape of the sinuses, Cranial suture patterns Trabecular bone pattern External bone contours | The parts of the skeleton that shows significant differences between people and are used for personal identification.
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| Characteristics or traits that are considered to be deviations from the norm, May not be unique or rare -Products of mutations, maternal condition or nutritional disorders | Anomalies
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| Caused by disease processes -Infection, injury, or a disorder. Lesions: Proliferative, Lytic, and Deformative | Pathological Condition
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| Mostly Pathologic changes in the overall bone contour or shape. -Can be from intentional cultural practices (head and foot binding) -Maybe most common cause is lack of vitamin D, causing one form of osteomalacia | Deformative Lesions
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| Skeletal muscles have multiple attachment sites known as the origin (point of attachment to a stationary bone), insertion(point of attachment to a moving bone). | Entheses.
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| -Some immediate elements that humans do not have are tails, claws, horns/antlers, bcula, or metpodials -Whole or partial skulls are usually easy to differentiate -Post-cranial material is more difficult. | Non-human Comparison
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| Coracoid process, elbow, ulna/radius to wrist (carpals) head of femur, knee area fibula/tibia to ankle (tarsals) | Epiphyseal union locations
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| Ostemetric board | Measurmentment tool for long bones
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| Evidence of the bone healing | antemortem
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| -Brittle Bone disease - general name for a group of conditions which all result in pathological osteoporosis and abnormal fragility of the skeleton | Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
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| Causing extremely short limbs (Developmental Variation) | Thanatophoric dysplasia
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| -causing short arms, and legs, -short, broad hands and feet. (Developmental Variation) | Hypochondroplasia
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| -causing bowed long bones in legs and arms, -often fatal for newborns. (Developmental Variation) | Campomelic dysplasia
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| Polydactyl bones- extra finger or toes Cranial suture bone (extrasutural bones - Inca bone Sesamoid bones - bones that are located within tendons that pass over joints. | Common Accessory Bone
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| are excess deposition of bone | Proliferative Lesions (Osteoproliferative)
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| loss of bone | Lytic Lesions (Osteolytic)
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| change in the overall bone shape | Deformative lesions
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