Chapter 6 muscles
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| Contractility | the ability of a skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of a skeletal muscle to respond to stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | the ability to recoil to original shape after being stretched
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| Fascia | outermost layer of muscles, separates muscles from each other
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath around outside of a muscle
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| Perimysium | surrounds fasicles
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| Endomysium | surrounds muscle fibers
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin | thin, resemble pearls, light band
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| Myosin | thick, resemble golf clubs, dark band
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| Myofilaments | Actin, Myosin
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| Sarcomere | organization of myofilaments from Zline to Zline
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| Resting membrane potential | charge difference across a cell membrane
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| action potential | brief reversal back of charge when a muscle is stimulated
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers
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| nueromuscular junction | (synapse)Where a nerve cell branches into a muscle
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| motor unit | a motor nueron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber below presynaptic terminal
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| synaptic cleft | space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber
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| acetylcholine | nuerotransmitter secreted by synaptic vesicles
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| acetylcholinesteracse | enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
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| sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to stimuli
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| threshold | level of stimulus in which muscles will contract
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| all-or-none response | maximal contraction of a muscle
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| lag phase | time lapse between application of a stimulus and beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time when a muscle relaxes
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| tetany | muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| creatine phosphate | can be stockpiled when a muscle is at rest
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid to glucose and replenish depleted stores of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers
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| muscle fatigue | tiredness of muscles, results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric | length of muscle doesn't change, tension increases
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| isotonic | amount of tension doesn't change, length changes
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time
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| fast-twitch | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch | contract slowly and fatigue slowly
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| origin | stationary end of a muscle
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| insertion | end of muscle undergoing greatest movement
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| belly | portion of muscle between origin and insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work against each other to create movement
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| prime mover | one muscle playing a major role in a group of synergists
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| trunk muscles | muscles that move the vertebral column
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| abdominal wall muscles | The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera.
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb.
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| hamstrings | posterior thigh muscles
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| linea alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall
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| rectus abdominis | On each side of the linea alba
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| Tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented.
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| frontalis | raises eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids
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| buccinator | flattens cheek
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscles
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| lavator labil superovis | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| mastication muscles | temporalis, masseter
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| tongue muscles | intrinsic, extrinsic
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| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid, prime mover rotates the head
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| kissing muscles | orbicularis oris, buccinator
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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