NUR 111 Module 30 Elimination
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| Bulk-forming Laxatives (e.g., psyllium fiber) | Product that causes stool to absorb water & swell, stimulating peristalsis. Usually acts within 24hrs. May interfere w/ absorption of Ca & Fe & certain drugs.
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| Stool softener (e.g., docusate) | Agent has detergent activity allowing H2O & fat to penetrate & lubricate stool. Recommended for someone who must avoid straining. Lubricant component of drug may interfere w/ absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
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| Emollient (lubricant) (e.g., Mineral Oil) | Lubricates intestinal tract & slows colonic absorption of water, softening stool, making it easier to pass. Usually effective within 8hrs. May interfere w/ absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Can be aspirated, risk of lipid pneumonia.
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| Stimulant (e.g., bisadocyl) | Irritates intestinal mucosa or stimulates nerve endings in intestinal wall to promote peristalsis. Works more quickly than bulking agents. Most Abused lax. Causes lazy bowel syndrome
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| Saline-osmotic (e.g., magnesium hydroxide) | Draws H2O into intestine & stimulates peristalsis. Used for rapid cleansing. Should not be used by elderly. Can cause dehydration. Not rec. in pts w/ kidney disease or heart failure.
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| Diphenoxylate & atropine | Slows gastric motility.
Advantages: Effective
Cautions: Chemically related to morphine; atropine added to prevent addiction, high doses can still become addictive.
May cause drowsiness.
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| Loperamide | Inhibits peristalsis by direct effect on gastrointestinal muscle walls.
Advantages: Not addictive. Longer duration than Lomotil.
Cautions: May cause drowsiness. DC if no improvement within 48hrs.
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| Kaolin-pectin | Absorbs
Advantages: No drowsiness.
Cautions: May interfere w/ absorption of other meds.
May interfere w/ nutrient absorption.
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| Bismuth subsalicylate | Decrease secretion of GI tract.
Antimicrobial action against bacterial & viral pathogens.
Advantages: No drowsiness.
Cautions: Contains salicylates. Chk w/ physician before admin to children or admin w/ aspirin.
May decrease absorption of some meds.
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| Tap water (hypotonic) enema | Amt: 500-1,000 mL
Action: Increases peristalsis, softens stool.
Time: 15 min
SE: F & E imbalance, H2O intoxication.
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| Normal saline (isotonic) enema | Amt: 500-1,000 mL
Action: Increases peristalsis, softens stool.
Time: 15 min
SE: F & E imbalance, sodium retention.
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| Soap enema | Amt: 500-1,000 mL (concentrate @ 3-5 mL/1,000 mL)
Action: Irritates intestinal mucosa, softens stool.
Time: 10-15 min
SE: Rectal mucosa irritation or damage.
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| Hypertonic enema | Amt: 70-130 mL
Action: Irritates intestinal mucosa.
Time: 5-10 min
SE: Sodium retention.
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| Oil (mineral, olive, or cottonseed oil) enema | Amt: 150-200 mL
Lubricates stool & intestinal mucosa.
Time: 30 min
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| Foods That May Cause Gas | Alcohol & beer, carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chives, cucumbers, dried peas, beans, & lentils, eggs, some fried food, melon, onions, peppers, pickles, sauerkraut.
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| Foods That May Cause Stomal Blockage | Bean sprouts, cabbage, raw carrots, celery, coconut, corn, cucumbers, dried fruit, green pepper skin, lettuce, mushrooms, nuts, olives, peas, pickles, pineapple, popcorn, seeds, skins & seeds from fruits & veggies, spinach.
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| Foods That May Help To Control Diarrhea | Applesauce, bananas, cheese, creamy peanut butter, oatmeal or oatbran, potatoes, soda crackers, starchy foods (rice & pasta), yogart.
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| Foods That Produce Odor | Asparagus, dried peas, beans, eggs, fish, garlic, onions, turnip.
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| Foods That Are Natural Intestinal Deodorizers | Buttermilk, parsley, yogart.
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| What is the normal pH range of urine? | Normal raneg it 4.5-8.
High-protein diet causes urine to be acidic.
Citrus fruits, dairy prod., & veg., cause unrine to be alkaline.
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| What is the normal specific gravity range of urine? | Normal range is 1.005-1.035.
Concentrated urine has higher specific gravity & diluted urine has lower specific gravity.
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| Turbidity of urine | Fresh urine should be clear or translucent. Becomes cloudy as it stands and cools.
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| Define: Anuria | 24-hr urine output is <50 mL.
Kidney shutdown or renal failure.
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| Define: Dysuria | Painful or difficult urination.
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| Define: Frequency | Increased incidence of voiding.
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| Define: Nocturia | Waking up at night to urinate.
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| Define: Oliguria | Greatly diminished amount of urine voided in a given time. 24-hr urine output is < 400 mL.
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| Define: Polyuria | Excessive output of urine (diuresis).
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| Define: Proteinuria | Protein in urine; indication of kidney disease.
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| Define: Pyuria | Pus in the urine; urine appears cloudy.
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| Define: Suppression | Ceased urine production; Adult kidneys usually produce 60-120 mL/hr.
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| Define: Urgency | Strong desire to void.
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| Define: Urinary incontinence | Involuntary loss of urine.
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| Opium | Increases tone of smooth muscle
Decrease GI motility
Diminishes GI secretions
Advanages: Effective
Cautions: May be addictive. May cause drowsiness & lighheadedness.
D/C when diarrhea has ceased.
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