Patho
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| reduction on blood O2; maybe pulmonary or cardiac in origin; refer to anemia class | hypoxia
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| prolonged hypoxia can lead to ____ leading to _____ heart failure | pulmonary HTN...RIGHT
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| leading cause of death in men and women in the US | lung cancer
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| why is lung cancer a preventable cancer? | b/c smoking is the #1 cause of lung cancer
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| cancer that stems from the bronchial or bronchiolar epithelium; 90-95% of all lung cancers; very aggressive; locally invasive; widely metastatic | bronchogenic carcinoma
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| 25-40% of bronchogenic carcinoma that is most often seen in men and is correlated with smoking | squamous cell
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| 20% of bronchogenic carcinoma and is more common in men smokers | small cell carcinoma
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| 20-40% of bronchogenic carcinoma most common in women and nonsmokers; associated with scarring from infarcts, metals, wounds, or TB; grows slower | adenocarcinoma
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| 10-15% of bronchogenic carcinoma and is difficult to diagnosis and has a poor prognosis | large cell carcinoma
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| ____ is a common cancer s/s | anorexia
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| blockage of pulmonary artery by a blood clot | pulmonary embolism
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| atelectasis | lung collapse
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| elevated pressures >20 in the pulmonary artery; usually results from pulmonary or cardiac problems | pulmonary HTN
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| HTN not related to another cause | PRIMARY HTN
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| HTN related to another disease | SECONDARY HTN
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| ___ sided heart failure is common cause of primary pul. HTN | left
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| chronic inflammatory disorder that results in reversibnle bronchoconstriction | bronchial asthma
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| emergency where asthma attack is prolonged and not responsive to the usual tx or the pt is having one attack after another | status asthma
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| leading cause of chronic illness in children | childhood asthma
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| what are the 4 types of COPD? | emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchilectasis, cystic fibrosis
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| what does COPD stand for? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| group of chornic pulmonary dxs characterized by > airflow resistance | COPD
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| fibrosos of lung | loss of elasticity of the lung
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| O2 becomes the driving force for breathing | COPD
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| pink puffer | emphysema
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| the breakdown of the elastin and fiber network of the alveoli where the alveoli where the alveoli enlarge or walls destroyed leaving than normal air spaces | emphysema
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| loose ability to amintain blood gases by hyperventilation which gives the skin a pink appearance | emphysema
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| affects central bronchioles; most common; usually male smokers; emphysema | centriacinar
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| affects peropheral alveoli; usually aplha 1-antitrypin deficiency (rare) | panacinar
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| what dx chornic bronchitis? | a chronic cough and productive sputum for a minimum of 3 months in 1 year for at least 2 years consecutively
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| . in #/size of goblet cells with inflammation cell infiltraion and edema of the bronchial mucosa | chronic bronchitis
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| blue bloaters | chronic bronchitis
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| permanent; abnormal dilation of the large bronchi associated with infection and destruction of bronchial walls and leads to atelectasis, abscesses, destruction and necrosis | bronchiectasis
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| what is a main s/s of bronchiectasis? | foul-smelling purulent sputum, wheezing, cor pulmonale
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| autosomal-recessive disorder; long arm of chromosome 7; extrememly common | cystic fibrosis
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| lacks a necessary protein CFTR needed to transport CI resulting in excess absorption of water and Na | cystic fibrosis
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| what is a main s/s of cystic fibrosis? | sweat has high level of Na, barrel chest, RIGHT sided heart failure, steatorrhea, vit K def
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| most common cause of illness in infants | acute respiratory distress
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| what is a sign of respiratory obstuction? | grunting and stidor
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| may be an allergic reaction and occurs at night with RTI (spasms and constrictions) | spasmodic croup
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| what is the TX for spasmodic croup? | cool humidity
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| epiglottis gets swollen and inflammed, closing the airway | epiglottitis
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| what is the common cause of epiglottits? | H. influenza
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| a harsh vibrating sound heard during respiration in cases of obstruction of the air passages | stridor
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| often job related---includes hypersensitiviy pneumonitis, diseases as a result of toxic drugs and radiation, occupational lung disease | interstitial/restrictive lung disease
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| what are some common s/s of interstitial/restrictive lung disease? | nonproductive cough, cynosis, later sign clubbing
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| What is a good dx for interstitial/restrictive lung disease? | Galluim lung study
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| what does ARDS stand for? | adult respiratory distress syndrome
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| multiple causes; pulmonary capillaries are injured | ARDS
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| What is a good TX for ARDS? | ventilation PEEP, NSAIDs, surfactant
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| ABG | arterial blood gases
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| inability of the lungd to maintain adequate oxygenation | respiratory failure
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| can be caused by anything that impairs ventilation and/or perfusion | respiratory failure
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| neuron changes is a s/s of ___ | respiratory failure
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| inflammation of the pleura | pleuritis (pleurisy)
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| feels like sharp stabbing pain in the chest when one takes a breath | pleuritis (pleurisy)
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| analgesics | insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness
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| disorder of the pleura in which the lungs deflate | pleural effusion
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| > fluid in the pleural space compressiong the lung | pleural effusion
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| s/s is no breathing sounds and asymmetrical chest movement | pleural effusion
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| accumulation of transudate (CHF most common, renal failure, nephrosis, liver failure, and malignancy) | hydrothorax---pleural effusion
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| sp. gravity > 1.020; infections, SLE | exudate---pleural effusion
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| pus in the pleural cavity; infectious | empyema----pleural effusion
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| effusion of the lymph (results from trama, inflammation, malignancy, intrathorasic surgeries, and TPN | chylothorax----pleural effusion
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| milky fluid containing chylomicrons is found in the lymph | chyle
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| where is chyle found? | the lymph
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| presence of blood; results usually from trama | hemothorax----pleural effusion
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| air in the pleural space | pneumothorax
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| what are the 3 types of pneumothorax? | spontaneous, traumatic, tension
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| a sudden collapse of the lungs d/t leakage of atm air into the pleural cavity (blister0 | spontaneous (pneumothorax)
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| caused by blunt or penetrarting trama---"sucking" chest wound---latrogenic | traumatic (pneumothorax)
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| air entering the lung cannot escape by the same route which > pleural cavity pressure | tension (pneumothorax)
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| what disorder has s/s of asymmetrical chest movement and < breath sounds | pneumothorax
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| chronic progessive disorder of the peripheral nervous system | myasthenia gravis
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| affects the transmission of nerve impulses to voluntary muscles, causing muscle weakness and fatigue that > with exertion and improves with rest | myasthenia gravis
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| affect women 3x more than men until after age 50 | myasthenia gravis
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| autoimmune processes tigger the formation of autoantibodies that < the # of acetycholine receptors and widen the junction gap | myasthenia gravis
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| in myasthenia gravis uscle contractions are hindered b/c the _____ prevent acetycholine from binding with receptors | IgG autoantibodies
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| unilateral ptosis (eyelids drooping), muscle fatigue, and incontinence (lack of bladder control) are common s/s of ____ | myasthenia gravis
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| what is a TX for myasthenia gravis? | anticholinesterses, immunosuppressants
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| sudden motor weakness; risk of resp failure, aspiration, most oftern caused by not enough medication of infection | myasthenic crisis (myasthenia gravis)
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| severe muscle weakness, caused by overmedication, s/s- cramps, diarrea, bradycaria, bronchial spasms w/ > pulmonary secretions and resp. compromise | Cholinergic crisis (myasthenia gravis)
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| peripheral nerve disorder involving several nerves; cell-mediated; nerve impulses are slowed or stopped | Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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| _____ exists, lymphocytes are sensitized adn aid in damaging the myelin in Guillain-Barre Syndrome | IgM antimyelin antibody
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| muscles lose innervation and begin to waste in ___ | Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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| crainal nerve involvement, dysphagia (difficulting swallowing), autonomic dysfunction are all s/s of ____ | Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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| antibodies are formed to the surface antigens to prevent future infections in ____ | influenza
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| what is the TX goal for influenza? | to limit the infection to only the upper resp tract
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| what is the incubation for influenza? | 1-4 days
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| elevated WBC is a s/s of ___ | pneumonia
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| alveoli become engorged with fluid and RBC and air is unable to get to alveoli | pneumonia
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| what is the most common type of pneumonia? | pneumococcal----streptococcus pneumonia
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| acute bacterial infection; very common; usually self-limiting; found in warm water, standing water (air vents) | lagionnaire
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| a non-contagious pneumoina | legionnaire
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| what is the atypical pneumonia that may be a complication of chicken pox and measles | mycoplasm/viral pneumiona
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| are the smallest free-living agents of disease; has characteristics of both viruses and bacteria | mycoplasms
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| type of pneumonia caused by the acid-fast bacillus, mycobacterium | TB
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| TB is carried by ___ | airborne droplets
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| TB cannot be ___ only ____ | destroyed...isolated
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| where does TB grow? | in macrophages
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| a gray and smelly cough and gray sweat is a s/s of ____ | TB
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| what are some forms of fungal infections of the resp? (3) | acute, chronic, disseminated
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| what are the 4 classes of fungal infections of the resp? | superficial, subcutaneous, deep (strong organisms that get into the deep tissue), opportunistic (weak organisms that cause infection in the immunosuppressed)
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