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Respiratory Diseases
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reduction on blood O2; maybe pulmonary or cardiac in origin; refer to anemia class | hypoxia |
| prolonged hypoxia can lead to ____ leading to _____ heart failure | pulmonary HTN...RIGHT |
| leading cause of death in men and women in the US | lung cancer |
| why is lung cancer a preventable cancer? | b/c smoking is the #1 cause of lung cancer |
| cancer that stems from the bronchial or bronchiolar epithelium; 90-95% of all lung cancers; very aggressive; locally invasive; widely metastatic | bronchogenic carcinoma |
| 25-40% of bronchogenic carcinoma that is most often seen in men and is correlated with smoking | squamous cell |
| 20% of bronchogenic carcinoma and is more common in men smokers | small cell carcinoma |
| 20-40% of bronchogenic carcinoma most common in women and nonsmokers; associated with scarring from infarcts, metals, wounds, or TB; grows slower | adenocarcinoma |
| 10-15% of bronchogenic carcinoma and is difficult to diagnosis and has a poor prognosis | large cell carcinoma |
| ____ is a common cancer s/s | anorexia |
| blockage of pulmonary artery by a blood clot | pulmonary embolism |
| atelectasis | lung collapse |
| elevated pressures >20 in the pulmonary artery; usually results from pulmonary or cardiac problems | pulmonary HTN |
| HTN not related to another cause | PRIMARY HTN |
| HTN related to another disease | SECONDARY HTN |
| ___ sided heart failure is common cause of primary pul. HTN | left |
| chronic inflammatory disorder that results in reversibnle bronchoconstriction | bronchial asthma |
| emergency where asthma attack is prolonged and not responsive to the usual tx or the pt is having one attack after another | status asthma |
| leading cause of chronic illness in children | childhood asthma |
| what are the 4 types of COPD? | emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchilectasis, cystic fibrosis |
| what does COPD stand for? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| group of chornic pulmonary dxs characterized by > airflow resistance | COPD |
| fibrosos of lung | loss of elasticity of the lung |
| O2 becomes the driving force for breathing | COPD |
| pink puffer | emphysema |
| the breakdown of the elastin and fiber network of the alveoli where the alveoli where the alveoli enlarge or walls destroyed leaving than normal air spaces | emphysema |
| loose ability to amintain blood gases by hyperventilation which gives the skin a pink appearance | emphysema |
| affects central bronchioles; most common; usually male smokers; emphysema | centriacinar |
| affects peropheral alveoli; usually aplha 1-antitrypin deficiency (rare) | panacinar |
| what dx chornic bronchitis? | a chronic cough and productive sputum for a minimum of 3 months in 1 year for at least 2 years consecutively |
| . in #/size of goblet cells with inflammation cell infiltraion and edema of the bronchial mucosa | chronic bronchitis |
| blue bloaters | chronic bronchitis |
| permanent; abnormal dilation of the large bronchi associated with infection and destruction of bronchial walls and leads to atelectasis, abscesses, destruction and necrosis | bronchiectasis |
| what is a main s/s of bronchiectasis? | foul-smelling purulent sputum, wheezing, cor pulmonale |
| autosomal-recessive disorder; long arm of chromosome 7; extrememly common | cystic fibrosis |
| lacks a necessary protein CFTR needed to transport CI resulting in excess absorption of water and Na | cystic fibrosis |
| what is a main s/s of cystic fibrosis? | sweat has high level of Na, barrel chest, RIGHT sided heart failure, steatorrhea, vit K def |
| most common cause of illness in infants | acute respiratory distress |
| what is a sign of respiratory obstuction? | grunting and stidor |
| may be an allergic reaction and occurs at night with RTI (spasms and constrictions) | spasmodic croup |
| what is the TX for spasmodic croup? | cool humidity |
| epiglottis gets swollen and inflammed, closing the airway | epiglottitis |
| what is the common cause of epiglottits? | H. influenza |
| a harsh vibrating sound heard during respiration in cases of obstruction of the air passages | stridor |
| often job related---includes hypersensitiviy pneumonitis, diseases as a result of toxic drugs and radiation, occupational lung disease | interstitial/restrictive lung disease |
| what are some common s/s of interstitial/restrictive lung disease? | nonproductive cough, cynosis, later sign clubbing |
| What is a good dx for interstitial/restrictive lung disease? | Galluim lung study |
| what does ARDS stand for? | adult respiratory distress syndrome |
| multiple causes; pulmonary capillaries are injured | ARDS |
| What is a good TX for ARDS? | ventilation PEEP, NSAIDs, surfactant |
| ABG | arterial blood gases |
| inability of the lungd to maintain adequate oxygenation | respiratory failure |
| can be caused by anything that impairs ventilation and/or perfusion | respiratory failure |
| neuron changes is a s/s of ___ | respiratory failure |
| inflammation of the pleura | pleuritis (pleurisy) |
| feels like sharp stabbing pain in the chest when one takes a breath | pleuritis (pleurisy) |
| analgesics | insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness |
| disorder of the pleura in which the lungs deflate | pleural effusion |
| > fluid in the pleural space compressiong the lung | pleural effusion |
| s/s is no breathing sounds and asymmetrical chest movement | pleural effusion |
| accumulation of transudate (CHF most common, renal failure, nephrosis, liver failure, and malignancy) | hydrothorax---pleural effusion |
| sp. gravity > 1.020; infections, SLE | exudate---pleural effusion |
| pus in the pleural cavity; infectious | empyema----pleural effusion |
| effusion of the lymph (results from trama, inflammation, malignancy, intrathorasic surgeries, and TPN | chylothorax----pleural effusion |
| milky fluid containing chylomicrons is found in the lymph | chyle |
| where is chyle found? | the lymph |
| presence of blood; results usually from trama | hemothorax----pleural effusion |
| air in the pleural space | pneumothorax |
| what are the 3 types of pneumothorax? | spontaneous, traumatic, tension |
| a sudden collapse of the lungs d/t leakage of atm air into the pleural cavity (blister0 | spontaneous (pneumothorax) |
| caused by blunt or penetrarting trama---"sucking" chest wound---latrogenic | traumatic (pneumothorax) |
| air entering the lung cannot escape by the same route which > pleural cavity pressure | tension (pneumothorax) |
| what disorder has s/s of asymmetrical chest movement and < breath sounds | pneumothorax |
| chronic progessive disorder of the peripheral nervous system | myasthenia gravis |
| affects the transmission of nerve impulses to voluntary muscles, causing muscle weakness and fatigue that > with exertion and improves with rest | myasthenia gravis |
| affect women 3x more than men until after age 50 | myasthenia gravis |
| autoimmune processes tigger the formation of autoantibodies that < the # of acetycholine receptors and widen the junction gap | myasthenia gravis |
| in myasthenia gravis uscle contractions are hindered b/c the _____ prevent acetycholine from binding with receptors | IgG autoantibodies |
| unilateral ptosis (eyelids drooping), muscle fatigue, and incontinence (lack of bladder control) are common s/s of ____ | myasthenia gravis |
| what is a TX for myasthenia gravis? | anticholinesterses, immunosuppressants |
| sudden motor weakness; risk of resp failure, aspiration, most oftern caused by not enough medication of infection | myasthenic crisis (myasthenia gravis) |
| severe muscle weakness, caused by overmedication, s/s- cramps, diarrea, bradycaria, bronchial spasms w/ > pulmonary secretions and resp. compromise | Cholinergic crisis (myasthenia gravis) |
| peripheral nerve disorder involving several nerves; cell-mediated; nerve impulses are slowed or stopped | Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
| _____ exists, lymphocytes are sensitized adn aid in damaging the myelin in Guillain-Barre Syndrome | IgM antimyelin antibody |
| muscles lose innervation and begin to waste in ___ | Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
| crainal nerve involvement, dysphagia (difficulting swallowing), autonomic dysfunction are all s/s of ____ | Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
| antibodies are formed to the surface antigens to prevent future infections in ____ | influenza |
| what is the TX goal for influenza? | to limit the infection to only the upper resp tract |
| what is the incubation for influenza? | 1-4 days |
| elevated WBC is a s/s of ___ | pneumonia |
| alveoli become engorged with fluid and RBC and air is unable to get to alveoli | pneumonia |
| what is the most common type of pneumonia? | pneumococcal----streptococcus pneumonia |
| acute bacterial infection; very common; usually self-limiting; found in warm water, standing water (air vents) | lagionnaire |
| a non-contagious pneumoina | legionnaire |
| what is the atypical pneumonia that may be a complication of chicken pox and measles | mycoplasm/viral pneumiona |
| are the smallest free-living agents of disease; has characteristics of both viruses and bacteria | mycoplasms |
| type of pneumonia caused by the acid-fast bacillus, mycobacterium | TB |
| TB is carried by ___ | airborne droplets |
| TB cannot be ___ only ____ | destroyed...isolated |
| where does TB grow? | in macrophages |
| a gray and smelly cough and gray sweat is a s/s of ____ | TB |
| what are some forms of fungal infections of the resp? (3) | acute, chronic, disseminated |
| what are the 4 classes of fungal infections of the resp? | superficial, subcutaneous, deep (strong organisms that get into the deep tissue), opportunistic (weak organisms that cause infection in the immunosuppressed) |
Created by:
TayBay15
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