Advanced Patho EXAM 3
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| What is the most common metabolic bone disease that leads to fragile bones and fractures? | osteoporosis
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| The W.H.O. defines osteoporosis as bone mineral density _______ below the peak BMD. | >2.5 standard deviations
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| Who is at risk for developing Osteroporosis? | family hx, menopause, excess smoking/alcohol intake, chronic renal or inflammatory disease, Caucasian or Asian race
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| True or false, osteocalcin levels are decreased in osteoporosis. | False, they are increased
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| Describe gout. | Heterogenous disorder where build up of uric acid, accumulates in different joints (i.e. big toe)
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| What bone changes are seen in osteoarthritis? | progressive lack of articular cartilage, formation of thick subchondral bone and new bone at joints
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| What is the treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis? | analgesics, steroid, DMARDS(anti-rheumatic drugs, i.e. enbrel, humira), prevention of structural damage
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| What is the difference between osteomalacia and rickets? | Osteomalacia is the adult form of rickets
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| What part of the body does osteosarcoma develop in? | in the metaphyseal region of long bones
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| What treatment is prescribed with osteoarthritis? | tylenol, NSAIDS, PT, weight reduction, assistive devices, joint replacement
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| What joint d/o would you see heberden and/or bouchard nodes in the hands? | osteoarthritis
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| What are s/s of osteoarthritis? | morning stiffness, boney enlargment of joints, crepitus with movement; improves with movement
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| If a child has Rickets, what would you expect to see? | genu valbum (knock nee) and genu varum (bowleg); kids should out grow both
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| What is characteristic of Rheumatoid Arthritis? | bilateral involvement of affected joints
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| What is the treatment for osteosarcoma? | amputation, chemo and/or radiation
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| Degenerative joint disease is also known as what? | osteoarthritis, the most common arthritis world wide
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| What is the name of the pediatric malignant bone disorder that often occurs in long bones and causes pain? | Ewing sarcoma
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| What is the cause of Rickets? | vit D deficiency prevents normal calcium and phosphorus absorption; deficits in these minerals = soft osteopenic bones
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| What are some s/s of Rheumatoid arthritis? | symmetrical patters of pain in joints, edema at joints, bone erosion, cysts and fissures
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| What age group does osteosarcoma present/affect? | 10-30 years
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| Describe Rheumatoid Arthritis. | systemic inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissue
unknown cause, may be an autoimmune disease
occurs more in females
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| This chronic inflammatory disease can affect any organ system; occurs more in African Americans, Hispanics and Asians and women 15-40 years. | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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| How does SLE cause damage to the musculoskeletal system? | the antibodies can directly damage tissues or combine with antigens to create tissue damaging immune complexes
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| What does cancer do to the bones? | predisposes to fractures
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| What are some s/s of SLE? | arthralgia, synovitis in joints, pain; any organ system can be involved
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| What is the name of the skeletal muscle disorder that is a severe, x-linked trait that has a survival age of less than 20 years? | Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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| What is the difference between subluxation and dislocation? | dislocation: displacement of bone from its normal position, articulating surfaces lose complete contact.
subluxation: same displacement occurs but only partial contact is lost
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| What causes the problems in duchenne muscular dystrophy? | muscle cells deficient in protein dysrophin; results in muscle fiber necrosis and muscle degeneration
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| How can subluxation and dislocation occur? | swinging kids around by their arms; uncontrollable forces causes aspect of joint to move beyond it's normal limitation
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| What are the different types of fractures? | comminuted, greenstick, stress, transverse, spiral, oblique, longitudinal
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| What is the most common fracture in kids and where does it occur? | greenstick fracture
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| What is the epiphyseal plate and why is damage to it a concern? | aka the growth place; allows for lengthening in long bones in children. Damage to it can stunt growth in that bone/limb/location
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| What do ligaments and tendons do? | keep surfaces together and aid movement
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| How does aging negatively affect cartilage? | dries out with use and age; microcracks and fragments can accumulate in joint space as loose bodies; cartilage surface is rough and irregular
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| What do tendons connect? | attach muscle to bone
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| What do ligaments connect? | attach bone to bone
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| Describe Paget disease. | osteitus deformans- excessive bone reabsorption and formation results in weaker bones
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| What is the most common benign bone tumor? | osteochondroma
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| How does osteonecrosis occur? | it is the death of bone segment due to interruption of blood supply
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| What is the milder form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by children "walking their body" to get up? | Becker muscular dystrophy
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| What is the name of the muscle disorder that is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular function of voluntary muscles? | myasthenia gravis
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| Describe Ankylosing Spondylitis. | fusion of inflamed vertebra, arthritis of sacroiliac joints; more common in males
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| Describe osteogenesis imperfecta. | autosomal dominant pediatric d/o; genetic, defective development of connective tissue; brittle/fragile bones
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