Advanced Patho EXAM 3
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| What is GERD? | backflow of gastric contents into esophagus via LES (lower esophageal sphincter)
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| What are the s/s of GERD? | heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia
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| What are the risk factors for GERD? | alcohol, smoking, caffeine, fatty foods
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| Define Barrett esophagus and why is it dangerous? | Columnar tissue replaces normal squamous epithelium in distal esophagus; big risk for cancer
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| Why are bile and bile salts important to nutrition? | bile salts are in bile, they aid in emulsifying dietary fats; bile aids in digestion of lipids and transports wastes products
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| Where bile metabolized and stored? | Metabolized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
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| What are the possible complications of liver failure? | jaundice, encephalopathy, muscle wasting, hormone dysfunction, osteomalacia, esophageal varices
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| What are the causes of liver failure? | there are a variety; sub categories include disorders of synthesis and storage functions and disorders of metabolic (glucose, proteins, lipoprotein cholesterol and bile salts) and excretory functions (amino acids, steroid hormones, drugs and bilirbuin)
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| What abnormal labs are common to find in liver failure? | AAST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT, alkaline phosphates, bilirubin total and indirect, urobilinogen and GGT
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| What is kernicterus and how does it occur? | brain injury (encephalopathy) as a result of hyper-bilirubin levels
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| What are the differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? | Crohns: affects submucosal, can involve the entire GI tract/skipping, rare rectal bleeding
Ulcerative colitis: affects mucosal, is continuous, primarily affects rectum and left colon (distal colon), common rectal bleeding
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| What is Hirchsprung's disease? | congenital d/o of large intestine; intrinsic nervous system of the colon is not working correctly resulting in ineffective peristalsis
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| What is Celiac disease? | aka sprue, intolerance of gluten which is a protein found in wheat and wheat products
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| Describe diverticulum. | plural form= diverticula, which are out pouchings of tissue in the colon where food can get stuck and become inflamed; this inflammation is known as diverticulitis
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| Describe hemorrhoids. | aka piles; are swollen and inflamed veins in your anus and lower rectum
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| Which population is more vulnerable to Hepatitis E? | children and pregnant women (can be fatal)
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| What is portal hypertension? | Sluggish blood flow with increased pressure in portal circulation
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| What are the negative effects of portal hypertension? | GI congestion, esophageal varices, hemorrhoids, ascites and bleeding from ruptured varices
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| What is the function of the gallbladder? | stores 30-50mL of bile; terminates at the Ampulla of Vater
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| True or false, esophageal varices can be deadly. | True
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| Which type of Hepatitis is spread via the oral/fecal route? | Hepatitis A
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| Which type of Hepatitis is spread via sexual/parenteral contact or via perinatal infection? | Hepatitis B
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| What is the most common cause of end stage liver disease? | hepatitis C
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| How is Hepatitis C generally contracted? | contaminated blood, i.e. blood transfusions
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| What other disease must be present in order for a person to have Hepatitis D? | Hepatitis B
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| Where is Hepatitis E common? | developing countries
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| How is Hepatitis E spread? | oral/fecal route
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| True or false, prostaglandins damage the mucosal surface of the stomach. | False, they help to protect it
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| How can ASA and NSAIDs affect the stomach? | disrupt the mucosal surface resulting in ulcers, bleeding and even perforation if severe enough
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| How do broad spectrum antibiotics negatively affect the large intestine? | disrupt the normal bacterial flora and allow other species to enter such as c. diff
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| Movement in the GI tract is controlled by what system? | ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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| The Parasympathetic nervous system does what to GI activity? | increases activity
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| The sympathetic nervous system does what to GI activity | decreases activity
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| True or false, the GI tract is the smallest endocrine organ of the body. | False, it's the largest
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| What are the 3 types of abdominal pain? | visceral (stretching/inflammation, poorly localized)
somatic (injury to structure)
referred
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| What age should regurgitation be completely gone by (in a child)? | 2 years
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| How is necrotizing enterocolitis in infants treated? | surgical removal of affected area
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| What are 3 types of intestinal obstruction? | volvulus, intussusception and mega colon
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| What are the 2 organ systems of the pancreas? | endocrine and exocrine
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| What are the functions of the liver? | digestive, endocrine, hematologic and excretory
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| What is hepatorenal syndrome? | liver failure causes acute renal failure; with transplant, renal function returns to normal
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| What labs do you see in the AR disorder, Hereditary Hemochromotosis? | increased plasma iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin
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| What is the treatment for Hereditary Hemochromatosis? | weekly removal of blood, approximately 1 unit per week; cannot use this tainted blood
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| What is the name of the rare autosomal recessive disorder where excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and organs? | Wilson disease
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| In Wilson disease, what might you see around the cornea? | Kayser-fleischer rings
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