Learning
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| classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) | unconditioned stimulus(meat) produces an unconditioned response(drooling). When a neutral stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus it becomes a conditioned stimulus(bell) capable of producing a conditioned response(drooling, no meat present)
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| operant conditioning (BF Skinner) | shaping of behavior with reinforcement (reward) and punishment- behaviors that are reinforced (rewarded) will continue and increase, behaviors that are punished will decrease and stop.
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| positive reinforcement | rewarding by giving something good
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| negative reinforcement | rewarding by taking away something bad
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| positive punishment | punishing by applying something bad
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| negative punishment | punishing by taking away something good
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| primary reinforcers | natural, universal reinforcers such as food, water, and sex
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| secondary reinforcers | learned reinforcers such as grades, trophies, and money
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| generalization | tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning or similar to the original reinforcement in operant conditioning
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| discrimination | ability to distinguish between different stimuli in classical conditioning or different reinforcements in operant conditioning and not respond accordingly
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| fixed interval | for example, first response after very two minute period has passed
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| variable interval | for example, first response after average two minute intervals, but intervals could range from a few seconds to several minutes
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| fixed ratio | for example, every fifth response
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| variable ratio | for example, every fifth response on average, but could range from 1 to 10 responses
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| observational learning | albert bandura- learning by watching others- social learning, modeling- vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment
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