WGU ISC4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| living things | eat, grow, maintain themselves, repair cell damage, regulate heat, reproduce
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| prokaryotic | no nucleus; less complex; bacteria; 1 circular chromosome
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| eukaryotic | nulceus; more complex, fungus, animals, plants;linear chromosome
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| Cell cycles | Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis
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| Cell Synthesis Stage | Makes exact copy of DNA
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| Gap 1 | Cell doubles in size
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| Gap 2 | Makes machinery for divisioin
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| Mitosis | Cell divides into 2 daughter cells
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| Meiosis | Makes 4 daughter haploid cells
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| Haploid cells | contain 1/2 of parent cell DNA
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| Meiosis | Forms gametes (egg and sperm cells)
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| Anaphase | sister chromatids pulled apart
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| Photosynthesis | starts with 6 carbon dioxide, 6 water, and sunlight
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| Photosynthesis | yields 1 glucose, 6 oxygen
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| Glucose | starting point for other carbohydrates, lipids
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| Light dependent reaction | sunlight hits chlorophyll and releases an electron
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| ATP | energy molecule of cells
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| 3 carbon sugar molecules | one molecule of glucose
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| 1 glucose molecule | yields 38 ATP moleculels
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| Innate immune response | nonspecific; anatomical barriers (skin, tears, sweat)
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| Acquired immune response | specific; B cells and T cells
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| B cells | attack pathogens in bodily fluids
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| T cells | targets pathogens inside the body's cells
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| 4 inner planets | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
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| Terrestrial Planets | 4 inner planets
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| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars | rocky, small, dense, have atmospheres
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| Mercury | little atmosphere due to low gravitational pull, 430 to -170 degrees Celcius, 88 day orbit
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| Venus | very dense atmosphere, 96% CO2, spins counterclockwise, 243 days to make 1 full spin, 225 day orbit around sun
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| Mars | 95% CO2, thin atmosphere, red dirt, 2 years to orbit, 1/2 size of Earth; 2 moons
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| Mass | amount of matter in an object; solids, liquids, gases
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| Earth | 24 hour day causes less temperature fluctuation, water vapor helps regulate the green house effect
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| Outer Planets | Jovian Planets; less dense; mostly gas; large
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| Jovian Planets | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
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| Jupiter | hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of other gases; spins in 10 hours; high atmospheric pressure; 28 moons
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| Saturn | Rings made of rock and ice; lowest density of all planets; 25 moons
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| Uranus | Tilted on its side; rolls around the sun rather than spins on its axis
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| Neptune | atmosphere of hydrogen and helium; 8-11 moons; ring system
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| Pluto | no longer a planet due to size, difference in orbit and composition
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| Planets | orbit the Sun on the same plane (ecliptic plane) or same angle
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| Sound and light | waves
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| Sound waves | require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas)
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| Light waves | can use a medium, but not required; electromagnetic; consistes of moving electrons
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| Waves | vibration of energy; carry energy
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| Sine curve | an up and down drawing of a wave
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| Amplitude | how high a wave goes
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| Frequency | the number of vibrations in a given time
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| Transverse wave | vibration is at right angles to the direction of the wave; electromagnetic waves
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| Longitudinal wave | vibration is in the same direction the wave is traveling
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| Speed of sound | 330 meters/second
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| Sound | can be reflected
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| Electromagnetic induction | changing magnetic fields induce an electric field so together they continue to move
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| Gamma rays | highest frequency
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| Radio waves | lowest frequency
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| Visible light waves | middle frequency
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| Red | lowest frequency of visble colors
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| Violet | highest frequency of visible colors
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| Ultraviolet | slightly higher frequency than violet
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| Infrared | slightly lower frequency than red
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| Characteristics of Light waves | reflection, refraction, and diffraction
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| Reflection | reflects at the same angle or 90 degrees (mirror)
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| Refraction | travels through a new medium, changes speed and angle (rainbows)
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| Light | can exist as a wave or particle
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| Wave-particle duality | the ability of light to be a wave or particle
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| Photon | a light particle; tiny particles of energy
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| System | a group or series of objects that we put together in an attempt to understand them better
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| Models | mental pictures or working ideas of how nature works or predicting how it will work
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| Evidence | gathered during experiments to help explain phenomena
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| Evolution | (blank)
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| Equilibrium | homeostasis (temperature regulation - sweating)
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| Copernicus | 1543 said that planets orbited the sun rather than vice versa
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| Plate Tectonics | unifying theory in geology that explains the changing surface of the earth's crust
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| Lithosphere | crust and upper most portion of the mantle; 8 large plates
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| Heat convection | makes Earth's plates move
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| Plates | Earth's crust/dirt; includes continental crust and oceanic crust
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| Earth's sections | inner and outer core, mantle, crust
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| Crust | rocky, outermost part of the earth, least dense of all layers
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| Litho | Greek for "rocky"
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| Mantle | under the crust; partly molten (liquid) rock
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| Causes plates to move | heat and pressure from gases
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| Molten rock | heats up becoming less dense and rises upward; cools becoming denser and sinks downward
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| Asthenosphere | just below the lithosphere, soft zone of the upper mantle
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| Plates | ride/move on the asthenosphere
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| Divergent plate boundary | plates moves apart from each other; molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock
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| Seafloor spreading | when molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock in the oceans
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| Continental rift zone | when molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock in the continents
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| Convergent plate boundary | two plates move together
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| Ocean trench | where convergent plates meet in the ocean and the older one subducts under the younger one because it is denser
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| Himalayan Mountains | convergent boundaries where 2 plates whose leading edges are continental crusts meet
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| Mt St Helens | convergent boundaries where continental crust meets oceanic crust
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| Transform boundary | two plates slide past each other; San Andreas Fault
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| Hot Spot | when there is a mantle plume in the asthenosphere; form volcanoes when plate moves over it
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| Atom particles | electrons, protons, neutrons
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| Atom forces | strong, weak, and electrical force
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| Nucleon | both protons and neutrons, found in nucleus
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| Nuclear energy | both fission and fusion
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| Strong force | attracts nucleons; acts over very short distances
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| Electrical force | when protons repel protons because of their positive charge; over more area than a strong force
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| Weak force | to do with neutrinos, used in beta decay
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| Fusion | occurs when two small nuclei are fused into a larger nucleus; in the sun when 2 hydrogen atoms are fused into 1 helium atom
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| Fusion | occurs only at very high temperatures; hard to sustain the energy needed to be a useful form of energy; does not result in radioactive by-products
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| Fission | splitting of an atomic nucleus; occurs naturally; can be induced; used to create energy for electricity
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| Fission | occurs in rocks and any material that has a nucleus with an atomic number higher than 82; results in radioactive by-products
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| Radioactive | more energy in atoms that needed so the atoms use spontaneous fission to get rid of/shed the excess energy
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| Potential energy | stored energy; energy that could be used/created
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| Kinetic energy | energy of movement; energy that is being used
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| Electricity | made up of charged particles or atoms
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| Atoms | positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons; always in motion unless at absolute zero
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| Electric charges | produce magnetic fields
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| AC current | moves back and forth
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| DC current | goes in one direction
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| Current electricity | when electrons are flowing
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| Static electricity | when there is a separation of positive and negative charges and the charge builds up
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| Insulators | prevent the flow of electricity
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| Conductors | allow the flow of electricity (metal)
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| Series circuits | all the switches and outlets work from one current; one goes out, they all go out
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| Parallel circuits | separate the current; if one goes out the others keep working
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| Magnetism | depends on the spin of the electrons in a substance; electrons must spin in the same direction
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| Energy | what moves matter
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| Gravitational potential energy | a boulder on the edge of a cliff; the higher the cliff, the higher the amount of potential energy
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| Thermal energy | the total kinetic and potential energy of particles
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| Temperature | measures the average amount of heat energy in an object
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | heat always spontaneously flows from warmer objects to cooler objects (ice in water, heat flows from water to ice)
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| 1st law of thermodynamics | heat energy is conversed as it flows from one system to another; conservation of energy
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| Conduction | heat is transferred by the movement of atoms in a substance; metals are good conductors because their electrons are loosely held
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| Convection | takes place in gases and liquids; hot air rising, cold air sinking
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| Insulators | wood, paper, air; electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus, so less movement
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| Radiation | heat transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves; the sun
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| ecology | the study of relationships between abiotic (non-living) and living (biotic) parts of an ecosystem
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| Abiotic things | non-living; rocks, soil, water, minerals
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| Populations | group of the same species living in the same area
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| Community | all of the living things and studying the relationships that exist between plants, insects, mammals, birds, etc
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| Photosynthesis | flow of energy starts with the sun's energy which plants convert to sugar, a chemical energy
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| Plants | autotrophs
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| Heterotrophs | consumers (of plants and things that eat plants)
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| Primary consumers | things that directly eat plants
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| Secondary consumers | things that eat the primary consumers; usually animals
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| Omnivores | eats both plants and animals
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| Energy transfer | only 10% of plant energy is transferred to primary consumers; 90% is used to live; by the 3rd level, only 1% is left of the original energy
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| Decomposer | organisms that feed on dead material and break it down so it becomes part of the soil; bacteria and fungi
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| Symbiotic relationships | parasitism, commensalism, mutualism
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| Parasitism | parasites; one organism is helped while the other is harmed (fleas)
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| Commensalism | one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed (remoras and sharks)
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| Mutualism | both organisms benefit (fungi and plants)
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| Biomes | ecosystems; terrestrial and aquatic
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| Aquatic biomes | both fresh and salt water environments
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| Three freshwater zones | Littoral, Limnetic, and Profundal zones
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| Littoral zone | warm, exposed to light, many organisms (algae, insects, fish, amphibians)
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| Limnetic zone | close to the surface but far from shore; phytoplankton, zooplankton
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| Profundal zone | deep water, few organisms
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| Saltwater biomes | Photic, aphotic, and benthic zones
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| Photic zone | near the surface with enough light for photosynthesis
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| Aphotic zone | little sunlight, limited food availability
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| Benthic zone | ocean surface; lobsters, clams, worms
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| Ocean biomes | Intertidal, neritic and underwater, and ocean zones
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| Intertidal | closest to the shore
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| Neritic and underwater | near the coast
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| Oceanic zone | far from shore
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| Nucleus | includes protons and neutrons
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| electrons | found outside of the nucleus
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| Atoms | two distinct regions - nucleus and the electron cloud
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| Number of protons | determines the type of element
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| Number of electrons | equals the number of protons; involved in forming bonds
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| Neutrons | add to the mass of the atom; differing numbers of neutrons can form various isotopes of atoms
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| Helium | 2 protons and 2 electrons
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| Protons and Neutrons | have the same amount of mass
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| Periodic table groups | elements in groups have very similar properties; placed in columns with one color
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| Periodic table rows | atoms on the left side are larger than atoms on the right
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| Periodic table electronegativity | atoms in bottom left corner have less electronegativity than top right
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| Atomic number | represents the number of protons
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| Chemical bonds | form when atoms come together, rely on the number of valence electrons
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| Valence electrons | attract and repel; can be transferred or shared; the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
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| Ionic bond | when atoms transfer electrons and results in 2 atoms with a charge (ions)
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| Covalent bond | shared electrons
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| Polar covalent bond | electronegativity; nucleus pulls the electrons with more force than another nucleus involved in the bond so the electrons are not shared equally
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| Redox reactions | oxidation-reduction reactions; electrons are lost from one substance and gained by another substance
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| Reducing agent | reactant that loses the electron; becomes oxidized
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| Oxidizing agent | substance that gains the electron
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| Cell division | mitosis and meiosis
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| Mitosis | duplicates the chromosomes and generates 2 identical cells
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| sister chromatids | exact copies of each other
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| Reproductive cells | egg and sperm go through meiosis not mitosis
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| Crossing over | where the parents' genes are mixed up and increases genetic variation
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| Chromosome | long sequence of DNA
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| DNA | polymer of nucleotides known as A, T, C, G
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| A T C G | Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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| Genetic variation | meiosis results in variation of genetic information; DNA from both parents is combined; eye, hair color
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| environmental variation | traits that are not influenced by genetics; muscle structure
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| Gregor Mendel | laws of heredity; pea plants
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| Recessive traits | traits that skip a generation but are not lost, just hidden
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| Mendels 1st law | dominant and recessive alleles; we all have two alleles for each trait
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| Mendels 2nd law | independent assortment; flower color and height are independent of each other; if genes are found on the same chromosome and are relatively close together they are more likely to be inherited together
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| Mutations | any unexpected change in the DNA sequence; frequently brought on because of the environment
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| Weathering | when rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces called sediments
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| Mechanically weathering | rock is broken down but still has same composition; caused by wind, water freezing, melting, re-freezing (ice-wedging/frost shattering) in cracks, root-pry
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| Chemical weathering | changes in rock due to a chemical reaction; acid rain
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| Erosion | the process of moving the sediment from one location to another; rivers, wind, floods, ocean waves, glaciers
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| Abrasion | particles in the wind knock other particles off of the surface
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| Striations | gouges in the ground formed from glaciers
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| Deposition | where the moving sediment is laid down
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| Archipelago | result of volcanic activity
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| Landforms | archipelago, v-shaped and u-shaped valleys, butte, delta
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| Delta | when the water slows down as it reaches slower moving water the sediment is deposited
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| Speed | how fast something travels; distance divided by time
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| Acceleration | change of velocity (speed or direction) over time; going in a circle at the same speed in still acceleration
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| Velocity | speed in a given direction
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| 1st law of motion | an object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it (inertia)
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| Inertia | the resistance of an object to motion
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| Friction | depends on the type of surface and the amount of force between the surface and the object; usually the force that stops objects from moving
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| Mass | the amount of matter in an object; it also measures the amount of inertia
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| 2nd law of motion | acceleration equals the force divided by the mass; greater force = greater acceleration, less force = less acceleration
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| 3rd law of motion | action-reaction
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| Work | force x distance
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| Simple machines | don't decrease amount of work, just the amount of force; ramps
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| Rocks | minerals which can be a single element or more than one element chemically combined; aggregates of minerals - they retain their properties even though they are part of the rock
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| Minerals | naturally occuring, solid, definite chemical composition, crystalline structure, and inorganic
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| Rock types | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
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| Igneous rock | melted magma that cools either above or below the surface; when cooled slowly (below the surface) crystals grow bigger - granite, diorite; when cooled more quickly (surface) crystals are smaller - obsidian, basalt
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| How does heat affect rocks | Heat drives the chemical reactions that rearrange or create new minerals; pressure from the overlying layers causes less space between particles causing the rocks to be denser
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| Foliated | bands that form when the minerals in the rock align in a particular direction
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| Nonfoliated | no bands - marble
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| Sedimentary rocks | rocks weathered into sediments, eroded to new locations, deposited, then compacted and cemented into rock; can be detrital or chemical; coal
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| Detrital rock | rock formed from weathered rock; classified by the size of the sediments
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| Chemical rock | formed from minerals dissolved in water
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| metamorphic rock | formed when other kinds of rocks are changed by great heat and pressure inside the earth; previously igneous or sedimentary
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| Limestone | one of the most common types of chemical rocks
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| Rock cycle | all three kinds of rocks can change into the other kinds, in no particular order
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
mauramcclellan
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