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Stack #137400
WGU ISC4
| Terms | Answers |
|---|---|
| living things | eat, grow, maintain themselves, repair cell damage, regulate heat, reproduce |
| prokaryotic | no nucleus; less complex; bacteria; 1 circular chromosome |
| eukaryotic | nulceus; more complex, fungus, animals, plants;linear chromosome |
| Cell cycles | Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis |
| Cell Synthesis Stage | Makes exact copy of DNA |
| Gap 1 | Cell doubles in size |
| Gap 2 | Makes machinery for divisioin |
| Mitosis | Cell divides into 2 daughter cells |
| Meiosis | Makes 4 daughter haploid cells |
| Haploid cells | contain 1/2 of parent cell DNA |
| Meiosis | Forms gametes (egg and sperm cells) |
| Anaphase | sister chromatids pulled apart |
| Photosynthesis | starts with 6 carbon dioxide, 6 water, and sunlight |
| Photosynthesis | yields 1 glucose, 6 oxygen |
| Glucose | starting point for other carbohydrates, lipids |
| Light dependent reaction | sunlight hits chlorophyll and releases an electron |
| ATP | energy molecule of cells |
| 3 carbon sugar molecules | one molecule of glucose |
| 1 glucose molecule | yields 38 ATP moleculels |
| Innate immune response | nonspecific; anatomical barriers (skin, tears, sweat) |
| Acquired immune response | specific; B cells and T cells |
| B cells | attack pathogens in bodily fluids |
| T cells | targets pathogens inside the body's cells |
| 4 inner planets | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
| Terrestrial Planets | 4 inner planets |
| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars | rocky, small, dense, have atmospheres |
| Mercury | little atmosphere due to low gravitational pull, 430 to -170 degrees Celcius, 88 day orbit |
| Venus | very dense atmosphere, 96% CO2, spins counterclockwise, 243 days to make 1 full spin, 225 day orbit around sun |
| Mars | 95% CO2, thin atmosphere, red dirt, 2 years to orbit, 1/2 size of Earth; 2 moons |
| Mass | amount of matter in an object; solids, liquids, gases |
| Earth | 24 hour day causes less temperature fluctuation, water vapor helps regulate the green house effect |
| Outer Planets | Jovian Planets; less dense; mostly gas; large |
| Jovian Planets | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto |
| Jupiter | hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of other gases; spins in 10 hours; high atmospheric pressure; 28 moons |
| Saturn | Rings made of rock and ice; lowest density of all planets; 25 moons |
| Uranus | Tilted on its side; rolls around the sun rather than spins on its axis |
| Neptune | atmosphere of hydrogen and helium; 8-11 moons; ring system |
| Pluto | no longer a planet due to size, difference in orbit and composition |
| Planets | orbit the Sun on the same plane (ecliptic plane) or same angle |
| Sound and light | waves |
| Sound waves | require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) |
| Light waves | can use a medium, but not required; electromagnetic; consistes of moving electrons |
| Waves | vibration of energy; carry energy |
| Sine curve | an up and down drawing of a wave |
| Amplitude | how high a wave goes |
| Frequency | the number of vibrations in a given time |
| Transverse wave | vibration is at right angles to the direction of the wave; electromagnetic waves |
| Longitudinal wave | vibration is in the same direction the wave is traveling |
| Speed of sound | 330 meters/second |
| Sound | can be reflected |
| Electromagnetic induction | changing magnetic fields induce an electric field so together they continue to move |
| Gamma rays | highest frequency |
| Radio waves | lowest frequency |
| Visible light waves | middle frequency |
| Red | lowest frequency of visble colors |
| Violet | highest frequency of visible colors |
| Ultraviolet | slightly higher frequency than violet |
| Infrared | slightly lower frequency than red |
| Characteristics of Light waves | reflection, refraction, and diffraction |
| Reflection | reflects at the same angle or 90 degrees (mirror) |
| Refraction | travels through a new medium, changes speed and angle (rainbows) |
| Light | can exist as a wave or particle |
| Wave-particle duality | the ability of light to be a wave or particle |
| Photon | a light particle; tiny particles of energy |
| System | a group or series of objects that we put together in an attempt to understand them better |
| Models | mental pictures or working ideas of how nature works or predicting how it will work |
| Evidence | gathered during experiments to help explain phenomena |
| Evolution | (blank) |
| Equilibrium | homeostasis (temperature regulation - sweating) |
| Copernicus | 1543 said that planets orbited the sun rather than vice versa |
| Plate Tectonics | unifying theory in geology that explains the changing surface of the earth's crust |
| Lithosphere | crust and upper most portion of the mantle; 8 large plates |
| Heat convection | makes Earth's plates move |
| Plates | Earth's crust/dirt; includes continental crust and oceanic crust |
| Earth's sections | inner and outer core, mantle, crust |
| Crust | rocky, outermost part of the earth, least dense of all layers |
| Litho | Greek for "rocky" |
| Mantle | under the crust; partly molten (liquid) rock |
| Causes plates to move | heat and pressure from gases |
| Molten rock | heats up becoming less dense and rises upward; cools becoming denser and sinks downward |
| Asthenosphere | just below the lithosphere, soft zone of the upper mantle |
| Plates | ride/move on the asthenosphere |
| Divergent plate boundary | plates moves apart from each other; molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock |
| Seafloor spreading | when molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock in the oceans |
| Continental rift zone | when molten lava from mantle moves up, making new rock in the continents |
| Convergent plate boundary | two plates move together |
| Ocean trench | where convergent plates meet in the ocean and the older one subducts under the younger one because it is denser |
| Himalayan Mountains | convergent boundaries where 2 plates whose leading edges are continental crusts meet |
| Mt St Helens | convergent boundaries where continental crust meets oceanic crust |
| Transform boundary | two plates slide past each other; San Andreas Fault |
| Hot Spot | when there is a mantle plume in the asthenosphere; form volcanoes when plate moves over it |
| Atom particles | electrons, protons, neutrons |
| Atom forces | strong, weak, and electrical force |
| Nucleon | both protons and neutrons, found in nucleus |
| Nuclear energy | both fission and fusion |
| Strong force | attracts nucleons; acts over very short distances |
| Electrical force | when protons repel protons because of their positive charge; over more area than a strong force |
| Weak force | to do with neutrinos, used in beta decay |
| Fusion | occurs when two small nuclei are fused into a larger nucleus; in the sun when 2 hydrogen atoms are fused into 1 helium atom |
| Fusion | occurs only at very high temperatures; hard to sustain the energy needed to be a useful form of energy; does not result in radioactive by-products |
| Fission | splitting of an atomic nucleus; occurs naturally; can be induced; used to create energy for electricity |
| Fission | occurs in rocks and any material that has a nucleus with an atomic number higher than 82; results in radioactive by-products |
| Radioactive | more energy in atoms that needed so the atoms use spontaneous fission to get rid of/shed the excess energy |
| Potential energy | stored energy; energy that could be used/created |
| Kinetic energy | energy of movement; energy that is being used |
| Electricity | made up of charged particles or atoms |
| Atoms | positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons; always in motion unless at absolute zero |
| Electric charges | produce magnetic fields |
| AC current | moves back and forth |
| DC current | goes in one direction |
| Current electricity | when electrons are flowing |
| Static electricity | when there is a separation of positive and negative charges and the charge builds up |
| Insulators | prevent the flow of electricity |
| Conductors | allow the flow of electricity (metal) |
| Series circuits | all the switches and outlets work from one current; one goes out, they all go out |
| Parallel circuits | separate the current; if one goes out the others keep working |
| Magnetism | depends on the spin of the electrons in a substance; electrons must spin in the same direction |
| Energy | what moves matter |
| Gravitational potential energy | a boulder on the edge of a cliff; the higher the cliff, the higher the amount of potential energy |
| Thermal energy | the total kinetic and potential energy of particles |
| Temperature | measures the average amount of heat energy in an object |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | heat always spontaneously flows from warmer objects to cooler objects (ice in water, heat flows from water to ice) |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | heat energy is conversed as it flows from one system to another; conservation of energy |
| Conduction | heat is transferred by the movement of atoms in a substance; metals are good conductors because their electrons are loosely held |
| Convection | takes place in gases and liquids; hot air rising, cold air sinking |
| Insulators | wood, paper, air; electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus, so less movement |
| Radiation | heat transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves; the sun |
| ecology | the study of relationships between abiotic (non-living) and living (biotic) parts of an ecosystem |
| Abiotic things | non-living; rocks, soil, water, minerals |
| Populations | group of the same species living in the same area |
| Community | all of the living things and studying the relationships that exist between plants, insects, mammals, birds, etc |
| Photosynthesis | flow of energy starts with the sun's energy which plants convert to sugar, a chemical energy |
| Plants | autotrophs |
| Heterotrophs | consumers (of plants and things that eat plants) |
| Primary consumers | things that directly eat plants |
| Secondary consumers | things that eat the primary consumers; usually animals |
| Omnivores | eats both plants and animals |
| Energy transfer | only 10% of plant energy is transferred to primary consumers; 90% is used to live; by the 3rd level, only 1% is left of the original energy |
| Decomposer | organisms that feed on dead material and break it down so it becomes part of the soil; bacteria and fungi |
| Symbiotic relationships | parasitism, commensalism, mutualism |
| Parasitism | parasites; one organism is helped while the other is harmed (fleas) |
| Commensalism | one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed (remoras and sharks) |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit (fungi and plants) |
| Biomes | ecosystems; terrestrial and aquatic |
| Aquatic biomes | both fresh and salt water environments |
| Three freshwater zones | Littoral, Limnetic, and Profundal zones |
| Littoral zone | warm, exposed to light, many organisms (algae, insects, fish, amphibians) |
| Limnetic zone | close to the surface but far from shore; phytoplankton, zooplankton |
| Profundal zone | deep water, few organisms |
| Saltwater biomes | Photic, aphotic, and benthic zones |
| Photic zone | near the surface with enough light for photosynthesis |
| Aphotic zone | little sunlight, limited food availability |
| Benthic zone | ocean surface; lobsters, clams, worms |
| Ocean biomes | Intertidal, neritic and underwater, and ocean zones |
| Intertidal | closest to the shore |
| Neritic and underwater | near the coast |
| Oceanic zone | far from shore |
| Nucleus | includes protons and neutrons |
| electrons | found outside of the nucleus |
| Atoms | two distinct regions - nucleus and the electron cloud |
| Number of protons | determines the type of element |
| Number of electrons | equals the number of protons; involved in forming bonds |
| Neutrons | add to the mass of the atom; differing numbers of neutrons can form various isotopes of atoms |
| Helium | 2 protons and 2 electrons |
| Protons and Neutrons | have the same amount of mass |
| Periodic table groups | elements in groups have very similar properties; placed in columns with one color |
| Periodic table rows | atoms on the left side are larger than atoms on the right |
| Periodic table electronegativity | atoms in bottom left corner have less electronegativity than top right |
| Atomic number | represents the number of protons |
| Chemical bonds | form when atoms come together, rely on the number of valence electrons |
| Valence electrons | attract and repel; can be transferred or shared; the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom |
| Ionic bond | when atoms transfer electrons and results in 2 atoms with a charge (ions) |
| Covalent bond | shared electrons |
| Polar covalent bond | electronegativity; nucleus pulls the electrons with more force than another nucleus involved in the bond so the electrons are not shared equally |
| Redox reactions | oxidation-reduction reactions; electrons are lost from one substance and gained by another substance |
| Reducing agent | reactant that loses the electron; becomes oxidized |
| Oxidizing agent | substance that gains the electron |
| Cell division | mitosis and meiosis |
| Mitosis | duplicates the chromosomes and generates 2 identical cells |
| sister chromatids | exact copies of each other |
| Reproductive cells | egg and sperm go through meiosis not mitosis |
| Crossing over | where the parents' genes are mixed up and increases genetic variation |
| Chromosome | long sequence of DNA |
| DNA | polymer of nucleotides known as A, T, C, G |
| A T C G | Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| Genetic variation | meiosis results in variation of genetic information; DNA from both parents is combined; eye, hair color |
| environmental variation | traits that are not influenced by genetics; muscle structure |
| Gregor Mendel | laws of heredity; pea plants |
| Recessive traits | traits that skip a generation but are not lost, just hidden |
| Mendels 1st law | dominant and recessive alleles; we all have two alleles for each trait |
| Mendels 2nd law | independent assortment; flower color and height are independent of each other; if genes are found on the same chromosome and are relatively close together they are more likely to be inherited together |
| Mutations | any unexpected change in the DNA sequence; frequently brought on because of the environment |
| Weathering | when rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces called sediments |
| Mechanically weathering | rock is broken down but still has same composition; caused by wind, water freezing, melting, re-freezing (ice-wedging/frost shattering) in cracks, root-pry |
| Chemical weathering | changes in rock due to a chemical reaction; acid rain |
| Erosion | the process of moving the sediment from one location to another; rivers, wind, floods, ocean waves, glaciers |
| Abrasion | particles in the wind knock other particles off of the surface |
| Striations | gouges in the ground formed from glaciers |
| Deposition | where the moving sediment is laid down |
| Archipelago | result of volcanic activity |
| Landforms | archipelago, v-shaped and u-shaped valleys, butte, delta |
| Delta | when the water slows down as it reaches slower moving water the sediment is deposited |
| Speed | how fast something travels; distance divided by time |
| Acceleration | change of velocity (speed or direction) over time; going in a circle at the same speed in still acceleration |
| Velocity | speed in a given direction |
| 1st law of motion | an object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it (inertia) |
| Inertia | the resistance of an object to motion |
| Friction | depends on the type of surface and the amount of force between the surface and the object; usually the force that stops objects from moving |
| Mass | the amount of matter in an object; it also measures the amount of inertia |
| 2nd law of motion | acceleration equals the force divided by the mass; greater force = greater acceleration, less force = less acceleration |
| 3rd law of motion | action-reaction |
| Work | force x distance |
| Simple machines | don't decrease amount of work, just the amount of force; ramps |
| Rocks | minerals which can be a single element or more than one element chemically combined; aggregates of minerals - they retain their properties even though they are part of the rock |
| Minerals | naturally occuring, solid, definite chemical composition, crystalline structure, and inorganic |
| Rock types | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| Igneous rock | melted magma that cools either above or below the surface; when cooled slowly (below the surface) crystals grow bigger - granite, diorite; when cooled more quickly (surface) crystals are smaller - obsidian, basalt |
| How does heat affect rocks | Heat drives the chemical reactions that rearrange or create new minerals; pressure from the overlying layers causes less space between particles causing the rocks to be denser |
| Foliated | bands that form when the minerals in the rock align in a particular direction |
| Nonfoliated | no bands - marble |
| Sedimentary rocks | rocks weathered into sediments, eroded to new locations, deposited, then compacted and cemented into rock; can be detrital or chemical; coal |
| Detrital rock | rock formed from weathered rock; classified by the size of the sediments |
| Chemical rock | formed from minerals dissolved in water |
| metamorphic rock | formed when other kinds of rocks are changed by great heat and pressure inside the earth; previously igneous or sedimentary |
| Limestone | one of the most common types of chemical rocks |
| Rock cycle | all three kinds of rocks can change into the other kinds, in no particular order |
Created by:
mauramcclellan
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