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PSYCH 101 (midterm)

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
psychology   show
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major contributing theories of psychology   show
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show counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, forensic, health, industrial-organizational (I/0), neuro, psychometric and quantitative, rehabilitation, school, social, and sport  
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structuralism   show
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show * established the first psychology laboratory in Germany * identify structures of the mind - hands have most sensory receptors -research described dimensions of feeling -methodology: introspection (he was trying to figure out what you were feeling.  
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Functionalism   show
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William James   show
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show 1) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. 2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. (patients gain insight from their lives; dreams, resistances..)  
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Freud   show
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Classical Conditioning   show
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Operant Conditioning   show
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show THE DEVIL. * conditioning research (little Albert experiment: white rabbit/rat/steel beam) * championed psychology as the science of behavior  
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Evolutionary Psychology   show
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show * proposed a theory of evolution * did tests and experiments to see how behaviors evolved in people  
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Natural Selection   show
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show the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1) but not with 2).  
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Skinner   show
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Humanistic Psychology   show
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show * drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential * importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied  
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show the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.  
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operational definition   show
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show action or process of observing something or someone carefully in order to gain information  
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show an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles  
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show a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group  
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Naturalistic observation   show
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Correlation   show
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Illusory correlation   show
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Experiment   show
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Cause and effect   show
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Independent variables   show
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show the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable  
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Statistics   show
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show the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores  
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Median   show
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Mode   show
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show a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (Pavlov w/ the dog, bell and food)  
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Operant Conditioning   show
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show principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely  
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B.F. Skinner   show
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show increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response  
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show increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response  
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Schedules of Reinforcement   show
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show reinforcement follows a set # of behaviors (every 5 papers graded, reward)  
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variable ratio   show
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show reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of time (after this many hours you get paid x)  
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show reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after an unpredictable amount of time (lottery)  
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continuous reinforcement   show
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Positive Punishment   show
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show * behavior followed by aversive consequence * rewarding stimulus is "removed"  
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Behavior Modification Programs   show
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show encoding, storage and retrieval  
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show the processing of information into the memory system (where you place info)  
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show the retention of encoded information over time (how info is held)  
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show the process of getting information out of the memory storage (get info out)  
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show the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information  
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show * function: hold info long enough to be processed * capacity: large * duration: .3 sec visual/ 3-4 sec audio * automatically: can't choose not to use it * divided into iconic and echoic memory * requires attention to transfer info to working memory  
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Long-term Memory   show
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show unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and of well-learned information, such as word meanings  
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show encoding that requires attention and conscious effort  
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Rehearsal   show
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show the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice  
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show our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list  
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Elaboration   show
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show visual image: a mental image that is similar to a visual perception  
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show info that tells us where to go (tells which "filling cabinet" to open)  
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Encoding Failure   show
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show if you don't use it you lose it ( caused by age, diseases, etc..)  
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show This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it  
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Retrieval Failure   show
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show *signs of fertility -temperature o basal body temp. :body temp before we move o ovulation temp: temp goes up -discharge -cervix  
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show * sex organs develop * fetus is fully shaped by 12th week * age of viability (living independently w/o mother) about 22 weeks * finishing touches = weight  
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Teratogens   show
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Newborns   show
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show - brain: myelination continues after birth, visual pathways start to develop (6 months), auditory pathways (4-5 years), dramatic increase in synaptic connections -motor: coordination  
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show * sensorimotor: birth-2 years - understanding through sensory experiences and physical actions - infant progress from reflexive, instinctual actions at birth to symbolic thought - object permanence  
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Infancy and Childhood (Cognitive Development- preoperational)   show
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Infancy and Childhood (Cognitive Development- concrete operational)   show
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Infancy and Childhood (Social Development)   show
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Attachment   show
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show uninvolved, permissive, authoritarian, authoritative  
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show sets few rules doesn't monitor and offers little active support  
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Permissive Parent   show
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Authoritarian Parent   show
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show * highly supportive and closely monitors and sets rules  
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show * primary (baby making material) and secondary (lower voice, facial hair) sex characteristics * time of firsts - menarche (1st menstrual cycle) - spermenarche (1st ejaculatory substance w/ semen) * myelin at its best  
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Adolescence (Cognitive Development)   show
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Adolescence (Social Development)   show
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show * identity achievement * Identity foreclosure * identity moratorium * identity diffusion  
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Adulthood (Physical Development)   show
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Adulthood (Cognitive Development)   show
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show * intimacy vs. isolation * generatively vs. stagnation * love * midlife crisis (DOES NOT EXIST)  
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