NURS 453 Stack 2
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| the stmulation of the J receptors leads to this in the breathing rate and this | an increase in breathing rate and dyspnea
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| irritant receptors are located | in the epithelium of the conducting airways
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| conducting airways are | the upper airway
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| irritant receptors are sensitive to | noxious stimuli
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| when stimulated, irritant receptors cause | bronchoconstriction, increased ventilator rate, mucus production and cough
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| hering - breuer inflation reflex is most active in | newborns
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| the function of the h-b reflex is to | prevent over inflation of the lungs
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| hb is also present in | adults requiring mechanical ventilation
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| the hb reflex is regulated by | mechanoreceptors in the smooth muscle of the airways
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| h-b reflex prevents | distention of lungs and airways causing decreases in breathing rate and volumes and prolongs the expiratory time
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| joint and muscle receptors detect | movement of the limbs
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| the joint and muscle receptors signal | the inspiratory center to increase breathing rate
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| inspiration and expiration involve three things | major and accessory muscles, elastic properties of the lung tissue and chest wall and resistance to airflow
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| lung expansion and contraction takes place due to the | downward and upward movement of the diaphragm, elevation and depression of the ribs and and increase and decrease of anteroposterior diameter
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| the decrease of the anteroposterior diameter is a | natural passive process
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| when we inhale the diaphragm moves | down
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| when we exhale, the diaphragm moves | up
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| to inhale, these muscles assist | the abdominus rectus push down
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| if there is an increase in resistance, you may need to do this in order to expire air | work harder
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| to draw air in, the air pressure inside the lungs | must drop
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| when the air pressure drops inside the lungs, | lungs expand, contractions of the diaphragm and external intercostals, thoracic cavity expands
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| when the thoracic cavity expands | the pleura and lungs are pulled outward
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| forced inhalation takes place during some disease processes like | asthma
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| accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation include | the sternocleidomastoid, scalene and the pectoralis minor
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| the sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates | the left sternum
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| the scalene muscle elevates | the first two ribs
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| the pectoralis minor elevates | the 3rd - 5th ribs
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| changes in lung volumes are affected by these two things | elasticity of the lungs and elasticity of the chest wall.
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| the elasticity of the lungs is affected by | elastin fibers in the alveolar walls and surface tension at the alveolar air liquid interface
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| the major contributors to the elasticity of the lungs are the | elastin fibers in the alveolar walls
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| the elasticity of the chest wall results from | configuration of the bones and musculature
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| these disease processes diminish the elasticity of the chest wall | kyphoscoliosis and muscle weakness
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| Elastic recoil pressure is | the intrinsic property of a container or lungs to collapse (elasticity) and return to a resting state
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| Law of LaPlace | Within the alveolus, surface tension is an elastic force that is influenced by the size of the alveolus.
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| An alveolus will have an increased chance to collapse if | there is a small radius, there is decreased alveolar expansion
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| surfactant is | a lipoprotein produced by type II alveolar cells
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| surfactant is produced during | the terminal sac phase of embyonic development
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| Surfactant reverses the effects of the Law of LaPlace by | forming a lipid monolayer between surface of the alveoli and air, it lowers surface tension by separating liquid molecules
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| the decrease in surface tension from surfactant | maintains alveoli free of fluid and prevents alveolar collapse
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| compliance is a measure of | a measure of lung and chest wall distensibility
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| compliance is the | reciprocal of elasticity
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| the pathological state with increased compliance means that | the lungs are easy to inflate and have lose elastic recoil pressure - obstructive lung diseases, COPD
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| the pathological state with decreased compliance means that | lungs are stiffened and difficult to inflate related to increased elastic recoil pressure, ARDS, pneumonia, lungs collapsing on self.
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| elasticity is equal to | recoil
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| the work of breathing is normally very | low
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| if work of breathing is increased, that means that one of the following or all are occuring | decrease in lung compliance (increase in recall), decrease in chest wall compliance, increase in airway obstruction (increase in resistance), decrease in surfactant
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| if the work of breathing has increased it contributes to | dyspnea and SOB
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