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Pulmonary Function
NURS 453 Stack 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the stmulation of the J receptors leads to this in the breathing rate and this | an increase in breathing rate and dyspnea |
| irritant receptors are located | in the epithelium of the conducting airways |
| conducting airways are | the upper airway |
| irritant receptors are sensitive to | noxious stimuli |
| when stimulated, irritant receptors cause | bronchoconstriction, increased ventilator rate, mucus production and cough |
| hering - breuer inflation reflex is most active in | newborns |
| the function of the h-b reflex is to | prevent over inflation of the lungs |
| hb is also present in | adults requiring mechanical ventilation |
| the hb reflex is regulated by | mechanoreceptors in the smooth muscle of the airways |
| h-b reflex prevents | distention of lungs and airways causing decreases in breathing rate and volumes and prolongs the expiratory time |
| joint and muscle receptors detect | movement of the limbs |
| the joint and muscle receptors signal | the inspiratory center to increase breathing rate |
| inspiration and expiration involve three things | major and accessory muscles, elastic properties of the lung tissue and chest wall and resistance to airflow |
| lung expansion and contraction takes place due to the | downward and upward movement of the diaphragm, elevation and depression of the ribs and and increase and decrease of anteroposterior diameter |
| the decrease of the anteroposterior diameter is a | natural passive process |
| when we inhale the diaphragm moves | down |
| when we exhale, the diaphragm moves | up |
| to inhale, these muscles assist | the abdominus rectus push down |
| if there is an increase in resistance, you may need to do this in order to expire air | work harder |
| to draw air in, the air pressure inside the lungs | must drop |
| when the air pressure drops inside the lungs, | lungs expand, contractions of the diaphragm and external intercostals, thoracic cavity expands |
| when the thoracic cavity expands | the pleura and lungs are pulled outward |
| forced inhalation takes place during some disease processes like | asthma |
| accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation include | the sternocleidomastoid, scalene and the pectoralis minor |
| the sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates | the left sternum |
| the scalene muscle elevates | the first two ribs |
| the pectoralis minor elevates | the 3rd - 5th ribs |
| changes in lung volumes are affected by these two things | elasticity of the lungs and elasticity of the chest wall. |
| the elasticity of the lungs is affected by | elastin fibers in the alveolar walls and surface tension at the alveolar air liquid interface |
| the major contributors to the elasticity of the lungs are the | elastin fibers in the alveolar walls |
| the elasticity of the chest wall results from | configuration of the bones and musculature |
| these disease processes diminish the elasticity of the chest wall | kyphoscoliosis and muscle weakness |
| Elastic recoil pressure is | the intrinsic property of a container or lungs to collapse (elasticity) and return to a resting state |
| Law of LaPlace | Within the alveolus, surface tension is an elastic force that is influenced by the size of the alveolus. |
| An alveolus will have an increased chance to collapse if | there is a small radius, there is decreased alveolar expansion |
| surfactant is | a lipoprotein produced by type II alveolar cells |
| surfactant is produced during | the terminal sac phase of embyonic development |
| Surfactant reverses the effects of the Law of LaPlace by | forming a lipid monolayer between surface of the alveoli and air, it lowers surface tension by separating liquid molecules |
| the decrease in surface tension from surfactant | maintains alveoli free of fluid and prevents alveolar collapse |
| compliance is a measure of | a measure of lung and chest wall distensibility |
| compliance is the | reciprocal of elasticity |
| the pathological state with increased compliance means that | the lungs are easy to inflate and have lose elastic recoil pressure - obstructive lung diseases, COPD |
| the pathological state with decreased compliance means that | lungs are stiffened and difficult to inflate related to increased elastic recoil pressure, ARDS, pneumonia, lungs collapsing on self. |
| elasticity is equal to | recoil |
| the work of breathing is normally very | low |
| if work of breathing is increased, that means that one of the following or all are occuring | decrease in lung compliance (increase in recall), decrease in chest wall compliance, increase in airway obstruction (increase in resistance), decrease in surfactant |
| if the work of breathing has increased it contributes to | dyspnea and SOB |
Created by:
jonquil
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