Chapter 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| ketones | substances to which fatty acids are broken down in the liver
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| ketoacidosis | condition in which ketones collect in the blood, caused by insufficient glucose available for energy
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| monosaccharides | simplest carbohydrates, sugars that cannot be further reduced by hydrolysis; examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| glucose | the simple sugar to which carbohydrate must be broken down for absorption; also known as dextrose
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| fructose | the simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is found in fruit and honey
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| galactose | the simple sugar (monosaccharide) to which lactose is broken down during digestion
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| disaccharides | double sugars that are reduced by hydrolysis to monosaccharides; examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
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| sucrose | a double sugar or disaccharide; examples are granulated, powdered, and brown sugar.
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| maltose | the double sugar (disaccharide) occurring as a result of the digestion of grain
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| lactose | the sugar in milk; a disaccharide
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| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates containing combinations of monosaccharides; examples include starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen
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| starch | polysaccharide found in grains and vegetables
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| endosperm | the inner part of the kernel of grain; contains the carbohydrate; contains starch, protein, some B vitamins
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| bran | outer covering of grain kernels; contains minerals, B vitamins, cellulose, protein
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| germ | embryo or tiny life center of each kernel of grain, contains protein, fat, minerals, B vitamins, vitamin E
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| glycogen | glucose as stored in the liver and muscles; also known as animal starch
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| glucagon | hormone from alpha cells of the pancreas; helps cells release energy
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| dietary fiber | indigestible parts of plants; absorbs water in large intestine, helping to create soft, bulky stool; some is believed to bind cholesterol in the colon, helping to rid cholesterol from the body; some is believed to lower blood glucose levels
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| cellulose | indigestible carbohydrate; provides fiber in the diet
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| hemicellulose | dietary fiber found in whole grains
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| lignins | dietary fiber found in the woody parts of vegetables such as carrots and asparagus
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| pectin | edible thickening agent
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| mucilage | gel forming dietary fiber
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| flatulence | gas in the intestinal tract
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| insulin | secretion of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas gland; essential for the proper metabolism of glucose
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| islets of Langerhans | part of the pancreas from which insulin is secreted
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| hyperglycemia | excessive amounts of glucose in the blood
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| normal blood glucose level | 70-110 mg/dl
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| hypoglycemia | subnormal levels of blood glucose
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| whey | liquid part of milk that separates from the curd (solid part) during the making of hard cheese.
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| each gram of carbohydrate provides how many calories? | 4
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| lack of adequate carbohydrate intake can result in? | ketoacidosis
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| Recommended intake of fiber? | 20 - 35 g per day
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| principal sources of carbohydrates? | plant foods such as sereal grains, vegetables, fruits, sugars
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| what is the only fuel used by central nervous system, red blood cells, and the brain? | glucose
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| Fructose is also known as ? | levulose
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| Galactose is a product of the digestion of? | milk
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| Weight loss and fatigue can result from diet deficient in? | carbohydrates
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| Half of daily requirement of calories should come from? | carbohydrates
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| Functions of carbohydrates | spare protien, maintain normal fat metabolism, provide fiber, main energy source
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