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Nutrition
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ketones | substances to which fatty acids are broken down in the liver |
| ketoacidosis | condition in which ketones collect in the blood, caused by insufficient glucose available for energy |
| monosaccharides | simplest carbohydrates, sugars that cannot be further reduced by hydrolysis; examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| glucose | the simple sugar to which carbohydrate must be broken down for absorption; also known as dextrose |
| fructose | the simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is found in fruit and honey |
| galactose | the simple sugar (monosaccharide) to which lactose is broken down during digestion |
| disaccharides | double sugars that are reduced by hydrolysis to monosaccharides; examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. |
| sucrose | a double sugar or disaccharide; examples are granulated, powdered, and brown sugar. |
| maltose | the double sugar (disaccharide) occurring as a result of the digestion of grain |
| lactose | the sugar in milk; a disaccharide |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates containing combinations of monosaccharides; examples include starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen |
| starch | polysaccharide found in grains and vegetables |
| endosperm | the inner part of the kernel of grain; contains the carbohydrate; contains starch, protein, some B vitamins |
| bran | outer covering of grain kernels; contains minerals, B vitamins, cellulose, protein |
| germ | embryo or tiny life center of each kernel of grain, contains protein, fat, minerals, B vitamins, vitamin E |
| glycogen | glucose as stored in the liver and muscles; also known as animal starch |
| glucagon | hormone from alpha cells of the pancreas; helps cells release energy |
| dietary fiber | indigestible parts of plants; absorbs water in large intestine, helping to create soft, bulky stool; some is believed to bind cholesterol in the colon, helping to rid cholesterol from the body; some is believed to lower blood glucose levels |
| cellulose | indigestible carbohydrate; provides fiber in the diet |
| hemicellulose | dietary fiber found in whole grains |
| lignins | dietary fiber found in the woody parts of vegetables such as carrots and asparagus |
| pectin | edible thickening agent |
| mucilage | gel forming dietary fiber |
| flatulence | gas in the intestinal tract |
| insulin | secretion of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas gland; essential for the proper metabolism of glucose |
| islets of Langerhans | part of the pancreas from which insulin is secreted |
| hyperglycemia | excessive amounts of glucose in the blood |
| normal blood glucose level | 70-110 mg/dl |
| hypoglycemia | subnormal levels of blood glucose |
| whey | liquid part of milk that separates from the curd (solid part) during the making of hard cheese. |
| each gram of carbohydrate provides how many calories? | 4 |
| lack of adequate carbohydrate intake can result in? | ketoacidosis |
| Recommended intake of fiber? | 20 - 35 g per day |
| principal sources of carbohydrates? | plant foods such as sereal grains, vegetables, fruits, sugars |
| what is the only fuel used by central nervous system, red blood cells, and the brain? | glucose |
| Fructose is also known as ? | levulose |
| Galactose is a product of the digestion of? | milk |
| Weight loss and fatigue can result from diet deficient in? | carbohydrates |
| Half of daily requirement of calories should come from? | carbohydrates |
| Functions of carbohydrates | spare protien, maintain normal fat metabolism, provide fiber, main energy source |
Created by:
heylee34
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