Social Psychology with Professor Scott Plous
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| altruism | A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self-interests.
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| social-exchange theory | The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.
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| reciprocity norm | An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
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| social-responsibility norm | An expectation that people will help those needing help.
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| bystander effect | The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
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| aggression | Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
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| instrumental aggression | Aggression that is a means to some other end.
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| frustration | The blocking of goal-directed behavior.
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| displacement | The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.
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| social learning theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished.
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| crowding | A subjective feeling that there is not enough space per person.
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| catharsis | Emotional release. This view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one “releases” aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression.
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| conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
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| social trap | A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Examples include the Prisoner’s Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
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| non-zero-sum games | Games in which outcomes need not sum
to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose. (Also called mixed-motive situations.)
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| mirror-image perceptions | Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive.
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