Biology
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| Triglyceride |
A fat with three fatty acid tails.
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| Carbohydrates |
Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
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| Saturated fatty acids |
Fatty acid that contains no carbon–carbon double bonds.
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| Monosaccharides |
Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides.
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| Unsaturated fatty acids |
Fatty acid that has one or more carbon–carbon double bonds in its tail.
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| Metabolism |
All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules.
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| Lipids |
Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound.
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| Amino acid |
Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom.
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| Functional groups |
A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule.
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| Fatty acids |
Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds.
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| Polymers |
Molecule that consists of multiple monomers.
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| Monomers |
Molecules that are subunits of polymers.
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| Nucleic acids |
Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar–phosphate bonds; for example, DNA, RNA.
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| Disaccharides |
Polymer of two sugar subunits.
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| Fatty acid |
Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds.
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| Starch |
Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells.
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| DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix.
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| Nucleotides |
Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups.
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| Phospholipids |
A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes.
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| Proteins |
Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides).
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| Polysaccharides |
Polymer of many monosaccharides.
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| Glycogen |
Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells.
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| Carbohydrate |
Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
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| Cellulose |
Polysaccharide; major structural material in plants.
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| Triglycerides |
A fat with three fatty acid tails.
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| Enzymes |
Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it.
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| Amino acids | Small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom.
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| Triglyceride |
A fat with three fatty acid tails.
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| Elements |
A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons.
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| Molecule |
Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds.
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| Hydrophobic |
Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water.
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| Salts | Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH– when it dissolves in water.
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| Isotopes | Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry.
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| Covalent bond |
Chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons.
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| Ions |
Atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons.
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| Hydrophilic |
Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water.
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| Chemical bond | An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact.
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| Hypothesis |
Testable explanation of a natural phenomenon.
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| Control group |
In an experiment, a group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable being tested.
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| Experimental group |
In an experiment, a group of individuals who are exposed to an independent variable.
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| Independent variable | Variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable.
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| Eukaryotes |
Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus.
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| Lysosomes |
Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion.
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| Plasma membrane |
A cell's outermost membrane.
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| Golgi body |
Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles.
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| Ribosomes | Organelle of protein synthesis. Protein assembly sites and are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
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| Cell wall |
Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.
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| Chloroplasts | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists.
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| Nuclear envelope |
A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross.
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; rough ER modifies polypeptides made by ribosomes on its surface.
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| Centriole |
Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow.
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| Plasmids |
Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea.
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| Vacuoles |
A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials.
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| Mitochondrion |
Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.
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| Nucleoids |
Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon.
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| Mitochondria |
Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.
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| Gap junctions |
Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells.
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| Nucleus |
Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's DNA.
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| Vesicles |
Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents.
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| Cytoplasm |
Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane.
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| Nucleoi |
In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled.
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| Critical Thinking | All research involves?
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| Observe, Research, hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment | Steps of the scientific method
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| Larger | To get the best sample results, sample a ____ group size.
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| Small | Sampling errors most occur when sampling sizes are too ______.
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| Atom | The smallest unit of matter.
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| Chemical Properties | Elements are arranged based on their______.
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| Full | An element is considered stable when the outermost level is ______.
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| Ion | An atom with an unequal set of protons and electrons is called an ____.
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| Salt | What is an example of an ionic bond?
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| Covalent Bond | What is a bond that holds two or more atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons?
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| Polar bond | _____ is formed when two or more atoms share electrons unequally?
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| Nonpolar bond | What bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons equally?
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| Water | What is an example of a polar bond?
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| Polar | Most covalent bonds are polar.
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| polar, nonpolar | ____ substances are hydrophilic (salutes). ____ substances are hydrophobic (nonsalutes).
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| Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon | Most abundant elements in living things.
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| Simple Sugars | ______ are the base unit for carbs?
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| Fatty acids | _____ are lipids that are non-polar and aren't solvable in water.
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| Amino acids | What are the building blocks of protein?
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| Nucleotides | _____ forms the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA and are also called monomers. (building blocks of larger molecules)
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| Monomers | What can be joined to form polymers that can then be broken down to release energy?
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| Metabolism | ______ is also referred to as cellular activity.
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| Enzymes | What are special proteins that act as catalysts and speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged.
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| Carbohydrates | _____ are organic compounds made of carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen?
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| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars with one sugar unit that are salutes and the simplest carbs.
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| Ribose | Monosaccharide that is the building blocks for nucleic acids and has a 5 carbon backbone.
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| Glucose | Monosaccaride found in plants is used by cells for instant energy and has a 6 carbon backbone.
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| Disaccharides | Most plentiful sugar found in nature and has 2 sugar units.
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| Lactose | _____ is a disaccharide found in diary?
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| Polysaccharide | ____ has many sugar units? sticky and help cells attach to surfaces.
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| Starch | _____ is a polysaccharide and used by plants as a storage of energy?
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| Glycogen | ______ is a pollysaccaride used by animals to store energy?
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| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | What are liquids(oils) at room temperature because they have one or more double bonds?
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| Saturated Fatty Acids | What has only single bonds and are solids at room temperature?
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| Triglycerides | (butter, lard, oils) Body's most abundant and richest source of energy and insulation?
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| Compound | A substance in which the relative percentages of 2 or more elements never vary.
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| Cohesion | _____ is especially important in pulling water through plants.
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| DNA | Has the instructions to make proteins?
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| Plasma membrane, nucleus/nucleod region, cytoplasm | what 3 features do all cells have in common?
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| Plasma membrane | This separates each cell from the environment, permits the flow of molecules, and contains receptors.
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| Nucleus or Nucleod region | This region contains hereditary material, which can be copied and read.
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| Cytoplasm | Contains membrane systems, particles(including ribosomes,filaments,and semi-fluid substance.
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| Prokaryotic cells | The smallest known cells and are the most metabolically diverse forms of life on earth. (bacteria) Contain cell walls
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| Nuclear envelope | Encloses the semi-fluid interior of the nucleus. Outer surface is studded with ribosomes.
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| Chromatin | refers to the cells total collection of DNA and associated proteins. Looks grainy in the cytoplasm
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| Rough ER | Consists of stacked, flattened sacs with many ribosomes attached. Oligosaccharide groups are attached to polypeptides as they pass through.
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| Smooth ER | An are from which vesicle carrying proteins and lipids are budded; also inactivates harmful chemicals.
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| Golgi body | Arranged in stacks of flattened sacs whose edges break away as vesticles.
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| Golgi Body | In the ______ proteins and lipids undergo final processing, sorting, and processing.
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| Lysosome (garbage collector) | Vesticles that bud from the Golgi body; carry powerful enzymes that can digest the contents of other vesticles, worn-out cell parts, or bacteria and foreign particles.
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| Mitochondria | Primary job is to transfer the energy in carbs to ATP.
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| Mitochondria | Like bacteria this cell structure has its own DNA and divide on their own apart from the cell. They have ribosomes.
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| Eukaryotic | plant cells are _________?
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| plasma membranes | Animal cells do not have cell walls they have ______ . Everything else has cell walls.
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| Central Vacuoles | These store amino acids, sugars, ions, and wastes.
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| plasmodesmata | In plants, tiny channels called ______ cross adjacent primary walls and connect the cytoplasm.
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| Gap Junctions | In animals, ________ are small, open channels that directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
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