Ch. 4 Bontrager - semester 1/ positioning
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| KUB | What is the most common film of the abdomen?
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| Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder | What does KUB stand for?
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| Diaphragm | an umbrella shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
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| Psoas Major | muscles that are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column
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| Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lg. intestine | What are the 6 different organs of the digestive system?
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| KUB | Xray commonly taken to rule out pathology before abdominal exams are performed with the use of contrast media.
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| liver, gallbladder, pancreas | What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
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| in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity | Where is the esophagus located?
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| stomach, small and large intestines | What are the 3 digestive organs within the abdominal cavity?
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| Stomach | 1st organ of the digestive system located in the abdominal cavity, and expandable reservoir for swallowed food and fluids.
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| Small Intestine | continues from the stomach as a long tubelike convoluted structure - 15-18 feet long
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| Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum | What are the 3 parts of the small intestine
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| Duodenum | the first portion of the small intestine - shortest bur widest in diameter - 10 inches - C shaped, proximal portion is called a bulb
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| Jejunum | remainder of the small bowel in the lower abdomen - first 2/5 following the duodenum
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| Ileum | distal 3/5 of the small bowel following the jejunum
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| Ileocecal valve | orifice between the distal ileum and the cecum portion of the large intestine
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| Large intestine | begins in the RLQ at the junction with the small intestine at the ileocecal valve
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| Cecum | saclike area of the large intestine below the ileocecal valve
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| Appendix or vermiform appendix | attached to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum
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| Ascending colon | vertical portion of the large bowel above the cecum
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| Transverse colon | part of large bowel that goes from left to right side of abdomen
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| right colic flexure (hepatic) | joins the ascending colon to the transverse colon (corner piece)
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| left splenic flexure (splenic) | joins the transverse colon to the descending colon (corner piece)
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| Sigmoind colon | the s-shaped part of the descending colon in the lower left abdomen
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| Rectum | the final 6 inches of the large intestine
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| Anus | sphincter muscle at the terminal opening of the large intestine
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| Spleen | part of the lymphatic system that along with the heart and blood vessels is part of the circulatory system.
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| Pancreas | part of the exocrine and endocrine system - regulates insulin and produces digestive juices
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| Liver | larges solid organ of the body - produces bile
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| Gallbladder | store and concentrate bile
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| 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra | Urinary System consists of the following:
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| urinary bladder | stores urine, voluntary passes urine to the exterior via the urethra
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| Suprarenal(adrenal) glands | part of the endocrine system located at the superomedial portion of each kidney
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| Kidneys | waste materials and excess water are eliminated from the blood by these organs
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| IVU(Intravenous Urogram) | RAD exam of the urinary system where contrast medium is injected intravenously - the hollow organs of the this system are visualized
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| Peritoneum | large, serous, double-walled, saclike membrane that covers the abdominal structures and organs
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| Parietal Peritoneum | two-layered peritoneum that adheres to the cavity wall
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| Visceral Peritoneum | the portion of the peritoneum that covers the organs themselves
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| Peritoneal Cavity | the space or cavity between the parietal or visceral portions of the peritoneum
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| Ascites | an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneum cavity
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| Mesentery | Double fold of peritoneum that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelop a loop of small bowel.
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| Omentum | A specific type of double fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ
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| Lesser Omentum | omentum that extends superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver.
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| Greater omentum | connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach inferorly - drapes down over the small bowel then folds back on itself to form and apron along the anterior abdominal wall.
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| Mesocolon | the peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
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| Greater Sac or Peritoneal cavity | the major portion of the peritoneal cavity
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| Lesser Sac or Omentum bursa | the smaller portion of the upper posterior peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach
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| Retroperitoneal organs (retro means behind) | structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall - less mobile
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| Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Duodenum, Ascending and Descending colon, upper rectum, major abdominal blood vessels(aorta and inferior vena cava) | List the Retroperitoneal organs
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| Infraperitoneal Organs (retro means under or beneath) | organs located under or beneath the peritoneum in the true pelvis are called:
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| Lower rectum,urinary bladder, reproductive organs,male-closed sac, female - open sac - uterus, tubes, ovaries | List the Infraperitoneal(Pelvic) Organs
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| Intraperiotoneal organs (intra means within) | organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum but are not retro or infra
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| Liver, Gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum,ileum, cecum, transverse colon,sigmoid colon | List the Intraperiotoneal Organs
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| RUQ, LUQ,RLQ,LLQ | List the 4 Abdominal Quadrants
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| Liver,Gallbladder, R Colic(hepatic)flexure, Duodenum, head of Pancreas, R Kidney, R suprarenal (adrenal)gland | Name the organs in the RUQ
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| Spleen, Stomach, L Colic(splenic)flexure, Tail of pancreas, L Kidney, L suprarenal (adrenal)gland | Name the organs in the LUQ
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| Ascending colon, Appendix(vermiform), cecum, 2/3 ileum, ileocecal valve | Name the organs in the RLQ
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| Descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum | Name the organs in the LLQ
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| R & L Hypochondriac, Epigastric, R & L Lateral (lumbar), Umbilical, R & L Inguinal (Iliac),Pubic(Hypogastric) | Name the 9 abdominal regions
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| Liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, right kidney | Name the organs in the Right Hypochondriac region:
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| Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, transvers colon, right and left adrenal glands, pancreas, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, spleen | Name the organs in the Epigastric region:
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| Stomach, tip of liver, tail of pancreas, small intestines, transverse colon, descending colon, pancreas, left kidney, spleen | Name the organs in the Left Hypochondriac region:
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| Tip of liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, right kidney | Name the organs in the Right Lumbar region:
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| Stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, pancreas, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters | Name the organs in the Umbilical region:
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| Small intestine, descending colon, tip of left kidney | Name the organs in the Left Lumbar region:
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| Small intestine, appendix, cecum and ascending colon; F- right ovary, right fallopian tube | Name the organs in the Right Iliac region:
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| Small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, right and left ureters, urinary bladder; F- uterus, right and left ovaries, right and left Fallopian tubes; M- vas deferens, seminal vessicle, prostate | Name the organs in the Hypogastric region:
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| Small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon; F- left ovary, left Fallopian tube | Name the organs in the Left Iliac region:
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| Xiphoid Process (T9-T10), Inferior costal rib margin (L2-L3), Iliac crest (L4-L5), Anterior Superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater Trochanter, Symphysis pubis, Ischial tuberosity | Name the 7 landmarks of the Abdomen
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| Iliac crest (L4-L5) | What is the most commonly used abdominal landmark?
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| Iliac crest (L4-L5), Anterior Superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater Trochanter | What are the 3 most commonly used abdominal landmarks?
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| take a deep breath in and blow it out - hold it don't breathe | What are breathing instructions for Abdominal radiographs?
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| expiration | Are abdominal radiographs exposed on inspiration or expiration?
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| 1)meduim kV(70-80) 2)short exposure time 3)Adequte mAs for sufficient density | What are the exposure factors for abdominal radiographs?
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| supine and horizontal beam project to show air-fluid levels | What are the typical acute abdomen series for pediatrics?
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| before a contrast medium is introduced for evaluation and diagnosis of disease and conditions in these systems | Why/When is a KUB usually taken?
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| to evaluate/diagnose bowel obstruction or peforation | Why/When is an Acute Abdomen Series usually taken?
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| Pneumoperitoneum | free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
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| Fibrous Adhesion | a fibrous band of tissue in the intestine creating a blockage
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| Crohn's disease | chronic inflammation of the intestional wall that results in bowel obstruction
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| Intussusception | telescoping of a section of the bowel into another loop, causing an obstruction
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| Volvulus | twisting of a loop of intestine, causing an obstruction
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| Ulcerative colitis | chronic disease involving inflammation of the colon
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| Ap Supine abdomen, AP erect abdomen, and PA chest | What are the 3 positions in an Acute Abdomen Series?
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| to demonstrate free intraperitoneal air trapped under the diaphragm | Why is PA chest included in an Acute Abdomen Series?
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| to make sure the intestines are cleaned out before a "swallow" study | What is a SCOUT AP Supine position used for?
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| A bladder shot using a 10x12 crosswise | If you clip the pubic symphysis/bladder what projection should you take?
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| to level of iliac crests with bottom margin at symphysis pubis | where should the cassette be placed for AP supine abdomen?
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| check to see that both iliac winds and ishial spines and obturaror foramina are symmetric | How do you check for rotation in an AP abdomen?
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| elongation of the iliac wing indicates rotation in that direction | What shows the direction of rotation in an AP abdomen?
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| perpendicular and centered to IR to level of iliac crest | Where should the CR be directed in an AP, PA abdomen?
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| 40 inches | What is SID in an AP, PA abdomen?
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| center cassette to level of iliac crest, with bottom margins at symphysis pubis - no rotation of pelvis or shoulders | What is part position in an AP, PA abdomen?
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| exposure at end of expiration | What are breathing instructions on abdominal radiographs?
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| tall hyposthenic or asthenic lengthwise OR broad bypersthenic crosswise | What body habitus may need 2 images to demonstrate entire abdomen?
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| AP and PA supine/prone abdomen | Which 2 abdominal xrays need the arch of the symphsis pubis included to be correct?
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| AP b/c of the OID (increased object image receptor distance) | Which positon is best if looking at kidneys? AP or PA abdomen?
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| minimum of 5 minutes, but 10-20 is preferred...need enuf time for air to rise and fluid to accumulate | How long should a patient be on their side before doing the Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
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| center of IR and CR are approximately 2 inches ABOVE level of iliac crests (to include diaphragm) using horizontal beam | What is Position for CR and IR for Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
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| bilateral diaphragm | What is the part of interest in Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
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| at end of expiration | When do you make exposure in Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
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| center of IR and CR are approximately 2 inches ABOVE level of iliac crests (to include diaphragm)- for average patient the top of the IR will be at level of the axilla(armpit) | What is "Part Position" for AP Erect Abdomen xray?
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| erect images first if the patient comes to the department in and erect position | What image do you take first in an Acute Abdomen series?
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| Ileus,Ascites, Perforated hollow ciscus, intraabdominal mass,Post-Op abdominal surgery | What pathology are we looking for in an Acute Abdomen series?
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| with an erect arrow in addition to your R or L marker | How should and erect abdomen xray be marked?
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| Marker that matches the side closest to the IR | What marker should be used in a Dorsal Decub - R or L lateral?
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| 40 - 48 inches | What is SID in PA or AP abdomen?
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| 40-48 inches | What is SID in Decub abdomen?
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| Low - usually in Right lower area | Where do you place marker in UP upright that includes diaphragm?
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| All Decub, Lateral , AP upright | Which abdomen xray need diaphram included?
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| AP supine, PA prone | Which abdomen xray need symphysis included?
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| it blocks pertinent anatomy | Why can't you shield female reproductive organs in abdomen xrays?
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| they are outside of the body cavity | Why can you shield male reproductive organs in abdomen xrays?
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