PSYCH Midterm
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| Polygenic | Traits influenced by combinations of genes
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| Genotype | Determined by the sequencing of chemicals in one’s DNA
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| Phenotype | The manner in which genetic code appears as a function of experiences and environmental influences
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| Down Syndrome | Occurs when the 21st pair of chromosomes has an extra, or third, chromosome
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| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins from the same fertilized egg
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| Dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins from two separate fertilized eggs
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| Dendrite | Receive incoming messages from adjourning cells (roots)
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| Axons | Carry messages away from the cell body (trunk
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| Terminals | Bulb-shaped structures at the end of the axons
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| Myelin | Fatty substance around axons that facilitate conduction
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| Glial cells | Remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system and help neurons synchronize messages to be transmitted in waves
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| Depolarized | Action of the cell while it becomes positively charged
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| Threshold | Each neuron has a threshold; the cell will not fire until the threshold is reached
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| All-or-none principle | When the threshold is reached, the neuron fires an impulse of the same strength.
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| Refractory period | A period of time when the neuron will not fire; a period of recovery during which positive sodium is not allowed to pass through the neural membrane.
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| Synapse | Junction (fluid filled gap between neurons)
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that are spilled into the synaptic cleft and influence receiving the neurons
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| Receptor site | Site on receiving neuron where specific neurotransmitter fits
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| Reuptake | Sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitters
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| Excitatory | Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell; causes it to fire
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| Inhibitory | Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell; prevents it from firing
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| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Decreases in ACh is associated with Alzheimer's related memory problems
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| Dopamine | Affects voluntary movements, learning, memory and arousal
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| Norepinephrine | Produced largely in the brain stem; acts as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone;
Involved in general arousal, learning and memory, and eating; linked to mood disorders
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| Serotonin | Involved in emotional arousal and sleep; Deficiencies have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia
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| Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions.
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| Endorphins | Inhibitory neurotransmitter; endogenous morphine; natural painkiller
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| Nerve | A bundle of axons
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| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral nervous system | Afferent and efferent neurons, which transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands
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| Somatic nervous system | Afferent and efferent neurons that transmit sights, sounds, smells, temperature, body positions, etc.; Purposeful body movements
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| Autonomic nervous system | “Automatic” regulates the glands and internal organ muscles: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, dilation of the pupils, etc.
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| Sympathetic division | Active during processes that involve spending body energy; fight or flight
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| Parasympathetic division | Active during processes that replenish reserves of energy
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| Spinal Cord | Spinal reflexes: unlearned responses to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons: afferent and efferent
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| Interneuron | A third neuron that transmits the neural impulse from the sensory neuron through the spinal cord to the motor neuron
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| Gray matter | Non-myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord
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| White matter | Myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Detects minute amounts of electrical activity in the brain
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| Medulla | Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
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| Pons | Transmits information about body movements and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep/alertness and respiration
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| Cerebellum | Involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior
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| Reticular formation | Vital in the functions of attention, sleep and arousal
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| Thalamus | Relay station for sensory stimulation
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| Hypothalamus | Vital for body temperature regulation, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and aspects of motivation and emotion; Also involved in hunger, thirst and sexual behavior
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| Limbic system | Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the hypothalamus; Involved in memory, emotion and in the drives of hunger, sex and aggression
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| Amygdala | Connected with aggression, fear response, and vigilance
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| Cerebrum | Responsible for thinking and language
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| Corpus Callosum | A bundle of some 200 million nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres
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| The Cerebral Cortex | Cerebrum’s outer layer is about 1/8 inch thick. It is involved in bodily activities, sensations, and responses.
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| Frontal lobe | In front of central fissure; Contains the motor cortex, which causes our body to move
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| Parietal lobe | Behind central fissure.; Contains the somatosensory cortex, which receives messages from skin senses all over the body
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| Temporal lobe | Lies below the lateral fissure; Contains the auditory area (hearing)
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| Occipital lobe | Lies behind the temporal lobe; is involved with vision and language functions
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| Pituitary gland | Implicated in growth
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| Prolactin | Regulates maternal behavior in lower animals such as rats; also produces milk in women
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Inhibits production of urine when fluid levels in the body are low
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| Oxytocin | Stimulates labor in pregnant women
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| Melatonin | Secreted by the Pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
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| Thyroxin | secreted by the thyroid and affects the body’s metabolism
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| Adrenal glands | Release hormones to increase resistance to stress; Promote muscle development and the release of sugar in the liver, making more energy available
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| Primary sex characteristics | Those characteristics involved in reproduction: increased penis size and sperm-producing ability of the testes
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| Secondary sex characteristics | Not directly related to reproduction: presence of a beard, deeper voice
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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