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PSYCH Ch2
PSYCH Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polygenic | Traits influenced by combinations of genes |
| Genotype | Determined by the sequencing of chemicals in one’s DNA |
| Phenotype | The manner in which genetic code appears as a function of experiences and environmental influences |
| Down Syndrome | Occurs when the 21st pair of chromosomes has an extra, or third, chromosome |
| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins from the same fertilized egg |
| Dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins from two separate fertilized eggs |
| Dendrite | Receive incoming messages from adjourning cells (roots) |
| Axons | Carry messages away from the cell body (trunk |
| Terminals | Bulb-shaped structures at the end of the axons |
| Myelin | Fatty substance around axons that facilitate conduction |
| Glial cells | Remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system and help neurons synchronize messages to be transmitted in waves |
| Depolarized | Action of the cell while it becomes positively charged |
| Threshold | Each neuron has a threshold; the cell will not fire until the threshold is reached |
| All-or-none principle | When the threshold is reached, the neuron fires an impulse of the same strength. |
| Refractory period | A period of time when the neuron will not fire; a period of recovery during which positive sodium is not allowed to pass through the neural membrane. |
| Synapse | Junction (fluid filled gap between neurons) |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that are spilled into the synaptic cleft and influence receiving the neurons |
| Receptor site | Site on receiving neuron where specific neurotransmitter fits |
| Reuptake | Sending neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitters |
| Excitatory | Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell; causes it to fire |
| Inhibitory | Neurotransmitter influences receiving cell; prevents it from firing |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Decreases in ACh is associated with Alzheimer's related memory problems |
| Dopamine | Affects voluntary movements, learning, memory and arousal |
| Norepinephrine | Produced largely in the brain stem; acts as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone; Involved in general arousal, learning and memory, and eating; linked to mood disorders |
| Serotonin | Involved in emotional arousal and sleep; Deficiencies have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions. |
| Endorphins | Inhibitory neurotransmitter; endogenous morphine; natural painkiller |
| Nerve | A bundle of axons |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | Afferent and efferent neurons, which transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands |
| Somatic nervous system | Afferent and efferent neurons that transmit sights, sounds, smells, temperature, body positions, etc.; Purposeful body movements |
| Autonomic nervous system | “Automatic” regulates the glands and internal organ muscles: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, dilation of the pupils, etc. |
| Sympathetic division | Active during processes that involve spending body energy; fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic division | Active during processes that replenish reserves of energy |
| Spinal Cord | Spinal reflexes: unlearned responses to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons: afferent and efferent |
| Interneuron | A third neuron that transmits the neural impulse from the sensory neuron through the spinal cord to the motor neuron |
| Gray matter | Non-myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord |
| White matter | Myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Detects minute amounts of electrical activity in the brain |
| Medulla | Regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration |
| Pons | Transmits information about body movements and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep/alertness and respiration |
| Cerebellum | Involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior |
| Reticular formation | Vital in the functions of attention, sleep and arousal |
| Thalamus | Relay station for sensory stimulation |
| Hypothalamus | Vital for body temperature regulation, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and aspects of motivation and emotion; Also involved in hunger, thirst and sexual behavior |
| Limbic system | Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the hypothalamus; Involved in memory, emotion and in the drives of hunger, sex and aggression |
| Amygdala | Connected with aggression, fear response, and vigilance |
| Cerebrum | Responsible for thinking and language |
| Corpus Callosum | A bundle of some 200 million nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres |
| The Cerebral Cortex | Cerebrum’s outer layer is about 1/8 inch thick. It is involved in bodily activities, sensations, and responses. |
| Frontal lobe | In front of central fissure; Contains the motor cortex, which causes our body to move |
| Parietal lobe | Behind central fissure.; Contains the somatosensory cortex, which receives messages from skin senses all over the body |
| Temporal lobe | Lies below the lateral fissure; Contains the auditory area (hearing) |
| Occipital lobe | Lies behind the temporal lobe; is involved with vision and language functions |
| Pituitary gland | Implicated in growth |
| Prolactin | Regulates maternal behavior in lower animals such as rats; also produces milk in women |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Inhibits production of urine when fluid levels in the body are low |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates labor in pregnant women |
| Melatonin | Secreted by the Pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle |
| Thyroxin | secreted by the thyroid and affects the body’s metabolism |
| Adrenal glands | Release hormones to increase resistance to stress; Promote muscle development and the release of sugar in the liver, making more energy available |
| Primary sex characteristics | Those characteristics involved in reproduction: increased penis size and sperm-producing ability of the testes |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Not directly related to reproduction: presence of a beard, deeper voice |
Created by:
khansen0520
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