Chapter 1: Introduction
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| regime | the type of political system; tyrannies, 2-party democracies, parliamentary, etc
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| communication | constant; creates interdependent economies; good and bad go across boarders
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| How we study politics? | describe, explain, predict; need "conceptual frameworks" in order to understand
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| hypothesis | NOT a definition (tautology); usually based on normative analysis; must be testable and changable
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| large "n" studies | statistical studies; sufficient and variety of cases available, certainty
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| small "n" studies | case studies; dive deeply into one or a few cases (this is what comp gov uses)
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| political system | set of institutions and agencies concerned with formulating and implementing collective goals of the society or group within it
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| governments | act as the policymakers of the poli system; decisions backed by legitimate coercion
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| structures | specialized agencies used to carry out various roles of the government, such as formulating, implementing, eforcing policies; parliaments, courts, bureaucracies; policies reflect goals, agencies provide means
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| process functions | distinctive activities necessary for policy to be made and implemented in any kind of poli system; interest articulation, interest aggrigation, policy making, policy implementation, adjudication
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| system functions | determine if system will maintain or change; socialization, recruitment of eliete, communication; fundamental importance to poli system
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| political socialization | families, schools, churches; structures that develop, reinforce, transform poli attitudes
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| political communication | flow of info through society and thru various structures that make up the poli system
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| policy functions | substative impacts on society, economy, culture thru outputs in implementation of poli process; includes regulation, extraction (taxes), distribution of benefits/services (wellfare, social security); outcomes result in new imputs - cyclical system
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| modern era | began in 1989; fall of Berlin Wall, collapse marked beginning of the implosion of soviet satelite governments in eastern Europe
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| Potemkin village | appearance of being something, but really isn't
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| comparative government: what and why? | analyzing and seeking to explain how and why gov functions in domestic and intl environments; gives us global perspective, less ethnocentric, understand patterns
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| empirical analysis | basis of scientific observation; statistical, numerical
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| normative analysis | based on value judgements; more common in comp gov, people are unpredictable, hard to quantify
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| social clevages | fault lines where people divide; class, gender, ethnicity, religion
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| systems anaylsis | gov as core of poli system; role is the political outputs, ie making, implementing, adjudicating policy
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| support | public support determines capacity of gov to function effectively; the greater the support the more a gov can do; known as imputs
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| structural-function analysis | poli systems can be compared in terms of how well they perform functions essential to stability; those that make, implement, adjudicate rules most effectively = more stable
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| typology analysis | classifying / analyzing a political system based on its structure and regime
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| democratic political systems | "reconciliation systems," tries to accomidate as many as possible; ability to max public expression; rapid decisions hard
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| authoritarian political system | keeps power in hands of one person or small group of people; very efficient; masses have little say; no checks/balances if dictator loses sight of original goals
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| historical analysis | change tends to be incremental because people value stability; look for patterns, historical context
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| politics | policies that help organize people, resolve disputes, maintain order, extract resources from people (winners/losers)
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| comparative politics | systematic study of political outcomes through comparing different cases; what level? how many? form of data?
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| quantitative vs qualitative | quantitative: emperical
qualitative: normative
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| internal validity | in context of that one case, it is correct
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| external validity | proven through different cases that it is correct (draws from multiple sources)
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| deviant case study | a case that exhibits characteristics that differ from a well-known pattern; ex: economically developed = democracy (India is deviant cs)
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| critical case study | selected because provides a tough test of central hypothesis; if hypo true in this case, valid for all
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| comparative method | examining smaller number of cases (like 3-8), comp method seeks to understand causes of dependent variable; in absence of large n quantitative, uses most similar or most different approach; measure, explain sim&diff among nations
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| most similar approach | examine cases that share a number of common characteristics
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| most different approach | opposite of most similar
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| causal theories | involve independent (X) and dependent (Y) variables; if X, then Y
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| rational choice theory | individual will act strategically/rationally to achieve goals & max interests; explain outcomes by looking at individual actors and their decisions; not used much, leaders aren't really rational, also ignores poli history
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| middle level theory | most preferred comp method; focuses on specific features of the poli world, such as institutions, policies, classes of similar events (revolutions, elections)
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| structural approach | explain poli outcomes by looking @ underlying economic, social, poli-institutional setting in a coutry
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| system environment | illustrates interdependence of what happens in and between countries
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| interest articulation | interest expressed by individuals or groups; voting, protests
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| interest aggregation | demands combined into policy alternatives; legislature occurs in different committees; differences in bills go to "conference committees"
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| policy making | occurs in executive branch
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| adjudication | legal response to challenges or violations of policy
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| political recuitment | selection of political elites (ie those who participate directly in government) for political activities and gov offices
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| elite recruitment | political elites, aka people who are political leaders
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| political culture | people's attitudes towards their gov and their role in the poli process; like it, adds to stability; reflects core values of people; revolves around people's identity: racial, linguistic, ethnic, religion
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| legitimacy | country's citizens believe that their gov has the right to govern; 3 types: traditional, charismatic, rational/legal
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| traditional authority | rests on belief that tradition should determine who should rule and how (ex: monarchy)
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| charismatic authority | personality of leader or small group (ex: Napoleon)
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| rational-legal authority | based on well-est. system w/laws and procedures (ex gov based on its constitution)
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| participation | political culture also illustrated by how citizens participate; 3 types: pariticpants, subjects, parochials
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| participants | involved as actual or potential participants in the political porcess
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| subjects | passively obey government officials and the law, but don't vote or actively involve themselves in political life
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| parochials | hardly award of government and politics; could be illiterates, rural people in remote areas, etc
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| political socialization | process by which individuals learn politics and political culture; influenced by agents of socialization
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| agents of socalization | primary = family;
others include peer groups, schools, churches, employment, etc
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| consensual political culture | citizens may disagree on some poli processes and policies, tend to agree on how decisions are to be made; accepts legitimacy of regime; usually result of cultural homogeneity
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| conflictional political culture | citizens sharply divided on legitimacy of regime and solutions to major problems; impact gov's ability to rule; often result of cultural homogeneity
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| cultural homogeniety | peoples who share similar beliefs and values (ex: Japan, Korea [esp North])
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| cultural heterogeniety | presence of multiple identity groups; have beliefs that greatly differ from other identity groups in country; more threatening to social stability than when various beliefs are more spread across population
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| vertical social relations | occur in hierarchical societies when political leaders have the right to impose their decisions on those at the bottom (ex: North Korea)
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| horizontal social relations | emphasize equality and a role for many if not all in society, to help shape political and social decisions (ex: Euro socialist state)
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| individualistic poli culture | discourages gov from implementing policies that protect groups or level the economic playing field
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| collectivistic poli culture | tend to coincide w/gov programs aimed at benefiting large numbers of people
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| group welfare vs interest of individual | individualistic pc vs collectivistic pc
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| relationship between society and authority | vertical vs horizontal social relations
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| potential tradeoff between liberty and security | strong state w/rules that penetrate into society in an effort to maintain order? value freedom from state action, state leaves most decisions to individual
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| legitimacy of poli system and leaders | do citizens accept existing poli regime as having legitimacy? can they be trusted?
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| political community | what poli unit does population identify with most? group vs national identity
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| trends in political culutre | modernization, democratization, marketization, resurgence of ethnicity
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| modernization | major trend, secularization, influences of science and globalization; encourages citizen participation, equality, disrupts traditional way of life; emphasis on post-material values
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| post-material values | social equality, environmental protection, cultrual pluralism, self-expression; have the bread-and-butter basics of society, now want more moralistic stuff
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| resurgence of ethnicity | formally suppressed, now demending equal treatment; clashes can occur, migration threaten life of host country
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| marketization | greater acceptance of a free market economy
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| democratization | reflects long-term response to modernity; gradually delegitimized nondemocratic ideologies
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| nation | cultural element of a country; people psychologically bound to one another
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| state | institutional or government element of a country
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| nation-state | territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government
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| country | can be synonymous w/nation or state
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| failed states | state has lost ability to govern
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| characteristics of state | STATE HAS MONOPOLY ON THE LEGITIMATE USE OF FORCE WITHIN A SOCIETY
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| 3 major attributes of state | sovereignty, legitimacy, autonomy
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