patho exam 1: homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
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| define homeostasis | remaining stable while staying the same
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| Homeostasis is a state of what? | equilibrium
balance of all systems
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| What is an ideal "set point" despite alterations within the body? | homeostasis
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| at the lowest level, stress affects what? | activity of enzymes and cells
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| What happens to enzyme activity when temperature is increased? | enzymes are more active
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| What happens to enzyme activity when temperature is decreased? | enzyme activity is decreased
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| define allostasis | ability to successfully adapt to challenges
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| What organ regulates intricate regulatory processes in the body? | the brain
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| What type of process is allostasis? | dynamic
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| What does allostasis do? | maintain or reestablishes homeostasis in light of environmental changes
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| 3 factors of stress | physical
chemical
emotional
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| what does stress result in? | tension of body or mind
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| define stress | real or perceived threat to homeostasis
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| What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome? | alarm
resistance/adaptation
exhaustion
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| define alarm stage | fight or flight response due to stressful stimulus
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| what axis is associated with alarm stage? | hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis
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| define resistance or adaptation stage | activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis
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| define allostatic state | activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis
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| Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome facilitates the individual's allostatic restoration of homeostasis: alarm, resistance, exhaustion, allostatic load? | resistance
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| what does ADH save? | water
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| What does aldosterone save? | salt
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| How does ACTH relate to aldosterone production? | ACTH is necessary for enzyme activity needed to make aldosterone
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| Example of mineralcorticoid | aldosterone
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| example of glucocorticoid | cortisol
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| define liplysis | breakdown of fat
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| define glycolysis | breakdown of glycogen in liver
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| define exhaustion stage | point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
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| define allostatic overload | cost of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
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| What is another term for the effect of "wear and tear" on the body? | allostatic overload
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| define stressors | agents or conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostais
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| types of stressors | internal/external
physical
chemical
biological
social
cultural
psychological
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| How will stressors vary? | scope
intensity
duration
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| Inadequate responses to stress can cause what? | illness
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| reactions to stress vary depending on what? | genetic constitution
gender
past experiences
cultural influences
developmental stage
age
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| stressors can include what types of perceived events? | negatively and positively
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| Which of the following is an example of a stressor? using a cell phone while driving, being exposed to air pollution, running in the dark, having inadequate immunizations? | being exposed to air pollution
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| define risk factors | conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
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| What play an integral role in allostasis? | catecholamines
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| What response mediates the fight or flight response? | sympathico-adrenal system response
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| Examples of catecholamines | norepinephrine
epinephrine
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| A physiologic response to the release of catecholamines during the stress response would be: increased gastrointestinal motility, constriction of the pupils, increased glycogenolysis, decreased heart rate? | increased glycogenolysis
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| What does the stress response require? | additional available energy
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| What does norepinephrine do? | constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure
reduces gastric secretions
increases night and far vision
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| What does epinephrine do? | enhances myocardial contractility, increase heart rate, increase cardiac output
bronchodilation
increases release of glucose from liver
elevates blood glucose levels
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| define glycogenolysis | release of glucose from the liver
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| What do you need to monitor in patient who just received epinephrine? | heart rate
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| What steroids are critical to maintenance of homeostasis? | adrenocortical steroids
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| How will adrenocortical steroids affect catecholamines | synergize or antagonize
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| Examples of adrenocortical steroids | cortisol
aldosterone
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| Is aldosterone regulated by ACTH? | no
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| what is the primary glucocorticoid? | cortisol
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| What adrenocortical steroid affects protein metabolism? | cortisol
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| What does cortisol promote | appetite and food-seeking behaviors
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| What type of effects does cortisol have? | anti-inflammatory
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| What is the primary mineralocorticoid? | aldosterone
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| What adrenocortical steroid promotes reabsorption of sodium and water? | aldosterone
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| What is aldosterone's affect on blood pressure? | increases blood pressure
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| Why does aldosteron increase blood pressure? | salt saving
blood volume goes up
stroke volume increases
blood pressure increases
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| define endogenous opioids | body's natural pain relievers
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| What do endogenous opioids do? | raise pain threshold
produce sedation and euphoria
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| what do macrophages secrete during stress response? | immune cytokines
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| What do immune cytokines produce? | enhanced immune system response
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| What can prolonged stress do? | suppress immune functioning
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| Example of immune cytokine | interleukin-1
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| 8 neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation | catecholamines
adrenocortical steroids
endorphins and enkephalins
immune cytokines
sex hormones
growth hormone
prolactin
oxytocin
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| how does stress effect growth hormone levels? | increase to enhance immune function
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| When is oxytocin produced? | during childbirth and lactation
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| What is oxytocin associated with? | bonding and social attachment
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| What kind of effect does oxytocin produce? | calming
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| How do individual stress responses change? | with time and circumstances
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| Effects of stress response are influenced by... | genetics
socioeconomic status
prior susceptibilities
preexisting health status
allostatic state
ability to manage stress
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| Stress response is modified by what? | experience
training
different conditions
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| define adaptation | biophsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
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| define coping | behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
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| define distress | perceived inability to cope with a stressor
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| 2 adaptation methods for stress | habituation
desensitization
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| 3 types of desensitization | biofeedback
visualization
meditation
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| What is an inadequate adaptation mechanism? | allostatic overload
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| What chemical mediators from stress response contribute to various illnesses? | cortisol
catecholamines
cytokines
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