Patho Lecture 1, Exam 1
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| What is pathophysiology based on? | common or "classic" presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human beings
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| What characteristics are you looking at when looking at disease? | altered physiology
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| 4 interrelated topics in pathophysiology | etiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
treatment implications
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| define etiology | study of causes or reasons for phenomena
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| What does etiology identify? | causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury
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| 2 classifications of etiology | idiopathic
iatrogenic
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| define idiopathic | cause is unkown
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| define iatrogenic | cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
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| define risk factor | a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease
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| define pathogenesis | development or evolution of disease
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| What is the pathway we examine when looking at pathogenesis? | initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease
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| What does pathogenesis describe? | how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to development of clinical manifestations of disease
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| 3 clinical manifestations | signs
symptoms
syndrome
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| define signs | objective or observed manifestations of disease
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| What are signs of the flu? | fever
sneeze
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| define symptoms | subjective feeling of abnormality in the body
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| What are symptoms of the flu? | body aches
nausea
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| define syndrome | etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined
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| Which of the following is an example of a sign: nausea, bruise, headache, loss of appetite | bruise
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| 5 stages of clinical course | latent
subclincal
prodromal
acute clinical
chronic clinical
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| define latent period | time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of sign/symptoms
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| latent period in everyday terms | on air plane; exposed to things come home and fine for 7 to 10 days then suddenly get sick
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| appearance of symptoms in latent period | nothing showing even though infected
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| define prodromal period | time during which first signs/symptoms appear indicating onset of disease
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| prodromal period in everyday terms | person doesn't feel good (malaise)
can't really identify cause
feel lousy
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| define acute phase | disease/illness reaches its full intensity
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| acute phase in everyday terms | exposed 3 weeks ago
infected body is fighting disease
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| latent period also refers to a period during an illness when... | signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent or disappear
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| define subclinical stage | patient functions normally
disease processes are well established
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| define acute-clinical course | short-lived
may have severe manifestations
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| acute-clinical course in terms of DMI | functioning normally then all of sudden have coma
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| define chronic-clinical course | may last months to years
sometimes following an acute course
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| chronic-clinical course in terms of DM | always have DM but is managed
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| define exacerbation | sudden increase in severity of disease or signs and symptoms
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| define remission | decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms
may indicate disease is cured
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| define convalescence | stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
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| define sequela | subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness
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| What determines which treatments would be helpful in disease? | understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of disease
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| define statistical normality | estimate of diseases in a normal population
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| what is statistical normality based on? | bell-shaped curve
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| define reliability | test's ability to give the same results in repeated measurements
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| define validity | degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
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| What determines the test's ability to give you the same outcome. | reliability
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| What determines if the test you designed is testing what you want it to test? | validity
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| define predictive value | extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition
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| What determines if a test you derive has discriminative ability? | predictive value
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| define sensitivity | probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition
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| What test characteristic detects a disease in a patient? | sensitivity
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| define specificity | probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition
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| What test characteristic allows you to rule out a disease? | specificty
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| 3 individual factors | cultural considerations
age differences
gender differences
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| define cultural considerations | each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience
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| define age differences | a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age
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| define gender differences | a normal value for men may not be normal for women or visa versa
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| when are gender differences relevant? | in health and disease
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| What do situational differences determine? | Whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism
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| What do time variations impact? | how the body responds from day to night or at varying times
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| 2 examples of time variatoins | circadian rhythm
diurnal variations
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| what is cortisol? | a stress hormone
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| What does cortisol regulate? | glucose; helps to keep glucose levels stable and keep reserves for brain
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| When is cortisol production low? | evening
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| when is cortisol production high? | in the morning
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| define epidemiology | study of patterns of disease
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| What does epidemiology involve? | populations
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| What characteristics of disease does epidemiology examine? | occurrence
incidence
prevalence
transmission
distribution
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| 3 types of diseases | endemic
epidemic
pandemic
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| define endemic disease | native to local region
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| define epidemic disease | spread to many people at the same time
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| define pandemic disease | spread to large geographic areas
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| 5 aggregate factors or epidemiologic variables | age
ethnic group
gender
socioeconomic factors
lifestyle considerations
geographic location
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| which is an example of a factor that would affect the epidemiology of a particular disease: predictive value, southeast Asian ethnicity, circadian rhythms, clinical manifestations? | southeast Asian ethnicity
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| 3 levels of prevention | primary
secondary
tertiary
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| define primary prevention | altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
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| define secondary prevention | early detection, screening, and management of disease
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| define tertiary prevention | rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
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| what type of prevention is maintaining routine immunizations? | primary
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| What type of prevention is screening for cancer? | secondary
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| What type of prevention is rehabilitating after a stroke? | tertiary
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| What type of prevention is performing monthly breast exams? | secondary
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