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Intro to Path
Patho Lecture 1, Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pathophysiology based on? | common or "classic" presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human beings |
| What characteristics are you looking at when looking at disease? | altered physiology |
| 4 interrelated topics in pathophysiology | etiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations treatment implications |
| define etiology | study of causes or reasons for phenomena |
| What does etiology identify? | causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury |
| 2 classifications of etiology | idiopathic iatrogenic |
| define idiopathic | cause is unkown |
| define iatrogenic | cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment |
| define risk factor | a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease |
| define pathogenesis | development or evolution of disease |
| What is the pathway we examine when looking at pathogenesis? | initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease |
| What does pathogenesis describe? | how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to development of clinical manifestations of disease |
| 3 clinical manifestations | signs symptoms syndrome |
| define signs | objective or observed manifestations of disease |
| What are signs of the flu? | fever sneeze |
| define symptoms | subjective feeling of abnormality in the body |
| What are symptoms of the flu? | body aches nausea |
| define syndrome | etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined |
| Which of the following is an example of a sign: nausea, bruise, headache, loss of appetite | bruise |
| 5 stages of clinical course | latent subclincal prodromal acute clinical chronic clinical |
| define latent period | time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of sign/symptoms |
| latent period in everyday terms | on air plane; exposed to things come home and fine for 7 to 10 days then suddenly get sick |
| appearance of symptoms in latent period | nothing showing even though infected |
| define prodromal period | time during which first signs/symptoms appear indicating onset of disease |
| prodromal period in everyday terms | person doesn't feel good (malaise) can't really identify cause feel lousy |
| define acute phase | disease/illness reaches its full intensity |
| acute phase in everyday terms | exposed 3 weeks ago infected body is fighting disease |
| latent period also refers to a period during an illness when... | signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent or disappear |
| define subclinical stage | patient functions normally disease processes are well established |
| define acute-clinical course | short-lived may have severe manifestations |
| acute-clinical course in terms of DMI | functioning normally then all of sudden have coma |
| define chronic-clinical course | may last months to years sometimes following an acute course |
| chronic-clinical course in terms of DM | always have DM but is managed |
| define exacerbation | sudden increase in severity of disease or signs and symptoms |
| define remission | decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms may indicate disease is cured |
| define convalescence | stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure |
| define sequela | subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness |
| What determines which treatments would be helpful in disease? | understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of disease |
| define statistical normality | estimate of diseases in a normal population |
| what is statistical normality based on? | bell-shaped curve |
| define reliability | test's ability to give the same results in repeated measurements |
| define validity | degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure |
| What determines the test's ability to give you the same outcome. | reliability |
| What determines if the test you designed is testing what you want it to test? | validity |
| define predictive value | extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition |
| What determines if a test you derive has discriminative ability? | predictive value |
| define sensitivity | probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition |
| What test characteristic detects a disease in a patient? | sensitivity |
| define specificity | probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition |
| What test characteristic allows you to rule out a disease? | specificty |
| 3 individual factors | cultural considerations age differences gender differences |
| define cultural considerations | each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience |
| define age differences | a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age |
| define gender differences | a normal value for men may not be normal for women or visa versa |
| when are gender differences relevant? | in health and disease |
| What do situational differences determine? | Whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism |
| What do time variations impact? | how the body responds from day to night or at varying times |
| 2 examples of time variatoins | circadian rhythm diurnal variations |
| what is cortisol? | a stress hormone |
| What does cortisol regulate? | glucose; helps to keep glucose levels stable and keep reserves for brain |
| When is cortisol production low? | evening |
| when is cortisol production high? | in the morning |
| define epidemiology | study of patterns of disease |
| What does epidemiology involve? | populations |
| What characteristics of disease does epidemiology examine? | occurrence incidence prevalence transmission distribution |
| 3 types of diseases | endemic epidemic pandemic |
| define endemic disease | native to local region |
| define epidemic disease | spread to many people at the same time |
| define pandemic disease | spread to large geographic areas |
| 5 aggregate factors or epidemiologic variables | age ethnic group gender socioeconomic factors lifestyle considerations geographic location |
| which is an example of a factor that would affect the epidemiology of a particular disease: predictive value, southeast Asian ethnicity, circadian rhythms, clinical manifestations? | southeast Asian ethnicity |
| 3 levels of prevention | primary secondary tertiary |
| define primary prevention | altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons |
| define secondary prevention | early detection, screening, and management of disease |
| define tertiary prevention | rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning |
| what type of prevention is maintaining routine immunizations? | primary |
| What type of prevention is screening for cancer? | secondary |
| What type of prevention is rehabilitating after a stroke? | tertiary |
| What type of prevention is performing monthly breast exams? | secondary |
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