Concepts Exam 1
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| What does infection arise from? | invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a host
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| What is antibiotic treatment aimed at? | inhibiting or ceasing further growth of infectious agent
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| What is infection preceded by? | colonization
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| define colonization | microorganisms are present in host but do not invade or cause an associated host response
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| Is treatment warranted for colonization? | No
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| What is the single most important strategy for preventing or reducing nosocomial infections? | hand hygiene
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| What does the CDC recommended time to wash hands? | 10 to 15 seconds
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| When should hand hygiene be performed? | before touching patient, before and after procedure or body fluid exposure, after touching patient or surroundings, food preparation, linen handling
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| What is the most important technique to prevent infection? | hand washing
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| What type of bacteria can be reduced by mechanical cleaning? | transient
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| What poses the greatest risk to healthcare workers for exposure to blood-borne illnesses? | contaminated sharps
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| Standard precautions aim to minimize the exposure of what? | hands, skin and mucosa
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| When is PPE required? | when risk of exposure to body fluids is present, contact with non-intact skin, and contact with mucous membranes
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| define direct contact | touching
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| define indirect contact | touching an object that has been in contact with pathogen
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| What are the 4 ways a disease can be introduced? | contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle
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| define contact exposure | transmitted through contact with blood or body fluids
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| How is E.coli introduced? | contact
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| How is Sheigella introduced? | contact
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| How is Hepatitis A or rotavirus introduced? | contact
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| How is herpes simplex virus introduced? | contact
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| How is pediculosis introduced? | contact
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| How is conjunctivas introduced? | contact
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| define droplet exposure | droplets created by infected person that are inhaled by others
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| How are droplet infections transmitted? | through coughing, sneezing, talking
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| What PPE is necessary for droplet precautions? | facial mask
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| How is pneumonia introduced? | droplet
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| How is rubella introduced? | droplet
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| How is diphtheria (pharyngeal) introduced? | droplet
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| How is mumps introduced? | droplet
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| How is pertusis introduced? | droplet
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| How is influenza introduced? | droplet
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| How are airborne infections transmitted? | pathogen is carried more than 3 feet in air via moisture or dust particles
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| How is measles introduced? | airborne
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| How is varicella introduced? | airborne
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| How is tuberculosis introduced? | airborne
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| define vehicle | pathogens are then transferred to those who eat, drink, or touch contaminated substance or object
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| 4 examples of vehicles | food, water, medications, utensils
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| 4 examples of vectors | roaches, mice, mosquitoes, flies
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| define nosocomial infection | infection that is spread within a facility
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| What is the severity of nosocomial infections? | mild or life threatening
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| Example of nosocomial infection | urinary tract infection post operative
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| What is MRSA | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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| What is a common nosocomial infection in hospitals and long term care facilies? | MRSA
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| Why is MRSA easily transmitted by health care workers? | it is frequently colonized on the skin
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| Where are entercocci normally found? | bowel and female genital tract
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| How long do enterococci persist in environment? | up to 7 days
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| Where can enterococci persist for up to 7 days? | hands, gloves, equipment, bed rails, telephones, stethoscopes
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| what is VRE? | vancomycin resistant enterococcus
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| Cross-infection of VRE has been attributed to what? | thermometers, commodes, movement of inadequately cleaned patient furinture
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| How does transmission of VRE occur? | directly via hands or indirectly via contaminated environmental surfaces
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| According to the principals of sterilization wet is considered... | contaminated
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| According to the principals of sterilization in what direction should you wipe? | inner to outer
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| According to the principals of sterilization how should 2 sterile individuals walk? | front to front
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| According to the principals of sterilization where should you keep your hands? | above the waist
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| What is the most effective means of infection control? | good hand washing
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| What are the 4 key points for personal hygiene? | restrain hair, keep nails short, minimum jewelry, cover open wounds
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| Hand hygiene for visibly soiled hands | wash with soap and water
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| Hand hygiene for before and after client contact | wash with soap and water
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| hand hygiene for after contact with a source of microorganisms | wash with soap and water
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| hand hygiene for prior to performance of invasive procedures | wash with soap and water
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| hand hygiene for before and after removing gloves | wash with soap and water
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| hand hygiene for beginning and end of every shift | wash with soap and water
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| hand hygiene for administration of medication | wash with alcohol based products
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| hand hygiene for non soiled hands | wash with alcohol based products
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| hand hygiene for non surgical procedures | wash with alcohol based products
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| hand hygiene for caring for patients with known or suspected C. difficle | wash with soap and water
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| why must soap and water be used when dealing with patients who have C.difficle? | alcohol does not adequately remove spores
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| What is not an adequate substitute for hand hygiene? | wearing gloves
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| Why are artificial fingernails not allowed? | harbor bacteria and fungi and have been linked to infections
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| Why is eating and drinking in patient care areas prohibited? | potential contamination of food and beverages
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| What is Hepatitis B? | blood borne virus with an unpredictable course of illness/symptoms
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| Health care workers are ___ times more likely than general public to contract Hepatitis B. | 20
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| Transmission of Hepatitis B can occur how? | needle sticks, sexual contact,surface contaminated with infected blood
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| Is the hepatitis B virus spread through casual contact? | no
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| What is the order for taking off PPE? | gloves, eyeware, gown, mask
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| When are gloves worn? | anticipated contact with blood or bodily fluids
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| When are gowns worn? | when visible contamination of clothing is expected
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| When are masks, eye protection, or full face shields worn? | when splashing or aerosolization of bodily fluids is anticipated
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| What is the order for putting on PPE? | gown, surgical mask/respirator, goggles, gloves
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| define subjective data | what the patient says
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| define objective data | validated proof
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| What is the key to developing a patient goal? | must be measurable while you're with patient
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| What is combined to provide a global view of the patient's immune function? | lab values, patient history, and physical exam
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| What does preventative skin assessment protocol include? | documentation
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| What is nature's first line of defense against microbes entering the body? | intact skin
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| What do you use on all at risk skin surfaces? | hydration and moisturization
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| Dry skin can lead to... | inflammation, excoriations, and possible infection
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| What does fluid intake help? | thin out secretions and replace fluid lost during fever
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| What increases the patient's need for rest? | chronic disease, physical and emotional stress
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| What is the passage of microbes suspended in the air on water droplets or dust particles that enter the host by inhalation? | airborne transmission
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| What is freedom from infection or infectious material? | asepsis
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| define bacteriostatic | arresting the growth/multiplication of bacteria
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| what may be classified as a bacteriostatic medication? | antibiotics
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| What is a technique based upon the premise that all body substances may contain pathogens? | body substance isolation
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| What should you never touch with a bare hand? | anything wet that comes from the body or body cavity
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| When should gloves be worn? | when in contact with mucus membranes, non-intact skin, or body substance
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| What do body substances include? | blood, urine, feces, saliva, wound drainage, aspirated fluids
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| What is the presence and multiplication of microbes without tissue invasion or damage? | colonization
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| What symptoms do individuals who are colonized present? | none
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| Do individuals who are colonized have the potential to infect others? | yes
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| What is the physical transfer of an organism between an infected or colonized person and susceptible host? | contact transmission
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| when does indirect contact occur? | when a patient comes in contact with equipment contaminated by infectious organism
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| When does direct contact occur? | when an infected person transfers the organism directly to a susceptible host
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| What is inhalation of respiratory pathogenic microbes suspended on liquid particles exhaled by someone already infected? | droplet transmission
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| What type of transmission occurs when a patient with URI sneezes, allowing pathogenic microbes to exit the body and become inhaled by another person within close proximity? | droplet transmission
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| What is a microbial organism with the ability to cause disease? | infectious agent
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| define virulence | ability to grown and multiply
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| define invasiveness | ability to enter tissues
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| define pathogenicity | ability to cause disease
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| What must be increased in order to increase the possibility of creating an infection? | virulence, invasiveness, and pathogenicity
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| 4 examples of infectious agents | bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
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| What are techniques used to prevent or limit the spread of infection? | isolation
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| Why are patients diagnosed with an infectious disease placed in isolation? | to prevent the transmission of pathogens to others
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| define incubation | the time between exposure to an infectious organism and the appearance of clinical systems of disease
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| define medical asepsis | techniques used to control and to reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms
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| What is a medical asepsis technique? | hand washing
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| define mode of transmission | method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another
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| define nosocomial infection | infection acquired during hospitalization
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| What is the main mode of transmission of MRSA? | hands of health care worker
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| define pathogen | any disease producing microorganism
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| What is a mask-like apparatus that fits snugly over the nose and mouth and filters out organisms? | particulate respirator
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| Why are particulate respirators worn? | to prevent contamination by airborne diseases such as tuberculosis
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| define portal of entry | an opening allowing the microbe to enter the host
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| 3 examples of portals of entry | body orifices, mucus membranes, breaks in skin
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| define portal of exit | place of exit providing a way for the microbe to leave the reservoir
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| 3 examples of portals of exit | nose, mouth, feces
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| define protective isolation | individuals suffering from a weakened immune system and susceptible to microbe invasion are isolated to avoid exposure
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| define reservoir | place where microbes can thrive and reproduce
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| 5 examples of reservoir | humans, animals, water, tabletops, doorknobs
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| define standard precautions | universal precautions and body substance isolation techniques to provide protection against the transmission infectious microbes
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| Who are the standard precautions techniques applied to? | all individuals regardless of medical diagnosis
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| define surgical asepsis | techniques used to destroy all pathogenic organisms before they can enter the body
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| What is one surgical asepsis technique? | sterilization of surgical equipment
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| When do the principles of surgical asepsis apply? | invasive procedures involving placement of equipment inside the body
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| define susceptible host | a person who cannot resist a microbe invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection
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| define transmission based precautions | barrier or isolation techniques applied to control the spread of the organism
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| what is an example of a transmission based precaution? | wearing protective gloves when handling body secretions
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| What are techniques utilized with all patients, regardless of diagnosis, to protect against blood borne pathogens? | universal precautions
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| What are universal precautions applied to? | blood or any body fluid
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| define vehicle transmission | transfer of microbes by way of contaminated items
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| example of vehicle transmission | blood can carry hepatitis and HIV
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| what is one of the common causes of nosocomial infections? | VRE
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