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Infection Control P2
Concepts Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does infection arise from? | invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a host |
| What is antibiotic treatment aimed at? | inhibiting or ceasing further growth of infectious agent |
| What is infection preceded by? | colonization |
| define colonization | microorganisms are present in host but do not invade or cause an associated host response |
| Is treatment warranted for colonization? | No |
| What is the single most important strategy for preventing or reducing nosocomial infections? | hand hygiene |
| What does the CDC recommended time to wash hands? | 10 to 15 seconds |
| When should hand hygiene be performed? | before touching patient, before and after procedure or body fluid exposure, after touching patient or surroundings, food preparation, linen handling |
| What is the most important technique to prevent infection? | hand washing |
| What type of bacteria can be reduced by mechanical cleaning? | transient |
| What poses the greatest risk to healthcare workers for exposure to blood-borne illnesses? | contaminated sharps |
| Standard precautions aim to minimize the exposure of what? | hands, skin and mucosa |
| When is PPE required? | when risk of exposure to body fluids is present, contact with non-intact skin, and contact with mucous membranes |
| define direct contact | touching |
| define indirect contact | touching an object that has been in contact with pathogen |
| What are the 4 ways a disease can be introduced? | contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle |
| define contact exposure | transmitted through contact with blood or body fluids |
| How is E.coli introduced? | contact |
| How is Sheigella introduced? | contact |
| How is Hepatitis A or rotavirus introduced? | contact |
| How is herpes simplex virus introduced? | contact |
| How is pediculosis introduced? | contact |
| How is conjunctivas introduced? | contact |
| define droplet exposure | droplets created by infected person that are inhaled by others |
| How are droplet infections transmitted? | through coughing, sneezing, talking |
| What PPE is necessary for droplet precautions? | facial mask |
| How is pneumonia introduced? | droplet |
| How is rubella introduced? | droplet |
| How is diphtheria (pharyngeal) introduced? | droplet |
| How is mumps introduced? | droplet |
| How is pertusis introduced? | droplet |
| How is influenza introduced? | droplet |
| How are airborne infections transmitted? | pathogen is carried more than 3 feet in air via moisture or dust particles |
| How is measles introduced? | airborne |
| How is varicella introduced? | airborne |
| How is tuberculosis introduced? | airborne |
| define vehicle | pathogens are then transferred to those who eat, drink, or touch contaminated substance or object |
| 4 examples of vehicles | food, water, medications, utensils |
| 4 examples of vectors | roaches, mice, mosquitoes, flies |
| define nosocomial infection | infection that is spread within a facility |
| What is the severity of nosocomial infections? | mild or life threatening |
| Example of nosocomial infection | urinary tract infection post operative |
| What is MRSA | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| What is a common nosocomial infection in hospitals and long term care facilies? | MRSA |
| Why is MRSA easily transmitted by health care workers? | it is frequently colonized on the skin |
| Where are entercocci normally found? | bowel and female genital tract |
| How long do enterococci persist in environment? | up to 7 days |
| Where can enterococci persist for up to 7 days? | hands, gloves, equipment, bed rails, telephones, stethoscopes |
| what is VRE? | vancomycin resistant enterococcus |
| Cross-infection of VRE has been attributed to what? | thermometers, commodes, movement of inadequately cleaned patient furinture |
| How does transmission of VRE occur? | directly via hands or indirectly via contaminated environmental surfaces |
| According to the principals of sterilization wet is considered... | contaminated |
| According to the principals of sterilization in what direction should you wipe? | inner to outer |
| According to the principals of sterilization how should 2 sterile individuals walk? | front to front |
| According to the principals of sterilization where should you keep your hands? | above the waist |
| What is the most effective means of infection control? | good hand washing |
| What are the 4 key points for personal hygiene? | restrain hair, keep nails short, minimum jewelry, cover open wounds |
| Hand hygiene for visibly soiled hands | wash with soap and water |
| Hand hygiene for before and after client contact | wash with soap and water |
| hand hygiene for after contact with a source of microorganisms | wash with soap and water |
| hand hygiene for prior to performance of invasive procedures | wash with soap and water |
| hand hygiene for before and after removing gloves | wash with soap and water |
| hand hygiene for beginning and end of every shift | wash with soap and water |
| hand hygiene for administration of medication | wash with alcohol based products |
| hand hygiene for non soiled hands | wash with alcohol based products |
| hand hygiene for non surgical procedures | wash with alcohol based products |
| hand hygiene for caring for patients with known or suspected C. difficle | wash with soap and water |
| why must soap and water be used when dealing with patients who have C.difficle? | alcohol does not adequately remove spores |
| What is not an adequate substitute for hand hygiene? | wearing gloves |
| Why are artificial fingernails not allowed? | harbor bacteria and fungi and have been linked to infections |
| Why is eating and drinking in patient care areas prohibited? | potential contamination of food and beverages |
| What is Hepatitis B? | blood borne virus with an unpredictable course of illness/symptoms |
| Health care workers are ___ times more likely than general public to contract Hepatitis B. | 20 |
| Transmission of Hepatitis B can occur how? | needle sticks, sexual contact,surface contaminated with infected blood |
| Is the hepatitis B virus spread through casual contact? | no |
| What is the order for taking off PPE? | gloves, eyeware, gown, mask |
| When are gloves worn? | anticipated contact with blood or bodily fluids |
| When are gowns worn? | when visible contamination of clothing is expected |
| When are masks, eye protection, or full face shields worn? | when splashing or aerosolization of bodily fluids is anticipated |
| What is the order for putting on PPE? | gown, surgical mask/respirator, goggles, gloves |
| define subjective data | what the patient says |
| define objective data | validated proof |
| What is the key to developing a patient goal? | must be measurable while you're with patient |
| What is combined to provide a global view of the patient's immune function? | lab values, patient history, and physical exam |
| What does preventative skin assessment protocol include? | documentation |
| What is nature's first line of defense against microbes entering the body? | intact skin |
| What do you use on all at risk skin surfaces? | hydration and moisturization |
| Dry skin can lead to... | inflammation, excoriations, and possible infection |
| What does fluid intake help? | thin out secretions and replace fluid lost during fever |
| What increases the patient's need for rest? | chronic disease, physical and emotional stress |
| What is the passage of microbes suspended in the air on water droplets or dust particles that enter the host by inhalation? | airborne transmission |
| What is freedom from infection or infectious material? | asepsis |
| define bacteriostatic | arresting the growth/multiplication of bacteria |
| what may be classified as a bacteriostatic medication? | antibiotics |
| What is a technique based upon the premise that all body substances may contain pathogens? | body substance isolation |
| What should you never touch with a bare hand? | anything wet that comes from the body or body cavity |
| When should gloves be worn? | when in contact with mucus membranes, non-intact skin, or body substance |
| What do body substances include? | blood, urine, feces, saliva, wound drainage, aspirated fluids |
| What is the presence and multiplication of microbes without tissue invasion or damage? | colonization |
| What symptoms do individuals who are colonized present? | none |
| Do individuals who are colonized have the potential to infect others? | yes |
| What is the physical transfer of an organism between an infected or colonized person and susceptible host? | contact transmission |
| when does indirect contact occur? | when a patient comes in contact with equipment contaminated by infectious organism |
| When does direct contact occur? | when an infected person transfers the organism directly to a susceptible host |
| What is inhalation of respiratory pathogenic microbes suspended on liquid particles exhaled by someone already infected? | droplet transmission |
| What type of transmission occurs when a patient with URI sneezes, allowing pathogenic microbes to exit the body and become inhaled by another person within close proximity? | droplet transmission |
| What is a microbial organism with the ability to cause disease? | infectious agent |
| define virulence | ability to grown and multiply |
| define invasiveness | ability to enter tissues |
| define pathogenicity | ability to cause disease |
| What must be increased in order to increase the possibility of creating an infection? | virulence, invasiveness, and pathogenicity |
| 4 examples of infectious agents | bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites |
| What are techniques used to prevent or limit the spread of infection? | isolation |
| Why are patients diagnosed with an infectious disease placed in isolation? | to prevent the transmission of pathogens to others |
| define incubation | the time between exposure to an infectious organism and the appearance of clinical systems of disease |
| define medical asepsis | techniques used to control and to reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms |
| What is a medical asepsis technique? | hand washing |
| define mode of transmission | method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another |
| define nosocomial infection | infection acquired during hospitalization |
| What is the main mode of transmission of MRSA? | hands of health care worker |
| define pathogen | any disease producing microorganism |
| What is a mask-like apparatus that fits snugly over the nose and mouth and filters out organisms? | particulate respirator |
| Why are particulate respirators worn? | to prevent contamination by airborne diseases such as tuberculosis |
| define portal of entry | an opening allowing the microbe to enter the host |
| 3 examples of portals of entry | body orifices, mucus membranes, breaks in skin |
| define portal of exit | place of exit providing a way for the microbe to leave the reservoir |
| 3 examples of portals of exit | nose, mouth, feces |
| define protective isolation | individuals suffering from a weakened immune system and susceptible to microbe invasion are isolated to avoid exposure |
| define reservoir | place where microbes can thrive and reproduce |
| 5 examples of reservoir | humans, animals, water, tabletops, doorknobs |
| define standard precautions | universal precautions and body substance isolation techniques to provide protection against the transmission infectious microbes |
| Who are the standard precautions techniques applied to? | all individuals regardless of medical diagnosis |
| define surgical asepsis | techniques used to destroy all pathogenic organisms before they can enter the body |
| What is one surgical asepsis technique? | sterilization of surgical equipment |
| When do the principles of surgical asepsis apply? | invasive procedures involving placement of equipment inside the body |
| define susceptible host | a person who cannot resist a microbe invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection |
| define transmission based precautions | barrier or isolation techniques applied to control the spread of the organism |
| what is an example of a transmission based precaution? | wearing protective gloves when handling body secretions |
| What are techniques utilized with all patients, regardless of diagnosis, to protect against blood borne pathogens? | universal precautions |
| What are universal precautions applied to? | blood or any body fluid |
| define vehicle transmission | transfer of microbes by way of contaminated items |
| example of vehicle transmission | blood can carry hepatitis and HIV |
| what is one of the common causes of nosocomial infections? | VRE |
Created by:
cdc52591
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