Biology ess. knowl.
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| What is the basic unit of matter? | The atom
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| What is the study of matter? | Chemistry
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| What is an atom made from? | Subatomic particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons.
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| What charge does a proton have? | Positive charge
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| What charge does an electron have? | Negative charge
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| What charge does a neutron have? | It has no charge. It is neutral.
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| Compare an electron to a proton. | It is very small compared to a proton. 1/1840th the mass of a proton.
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| What is in constant motion around the nucleus of an atom? | Electrons
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| What does the nucleus contain? | It contains protons and neutrons.
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| Compare protons and neutrons. | They are the same size.
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| Why are atoms neutral? | They contain the same number of protons and electrons.
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| What holds molecules together? | Chemical bonds
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| What type of electrons are available to form bonds? | Valence electrons
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| When does a covalent bond form? | It forms when electrons are shared between the atoms of a molecule.
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| What are molecules? What are bonds called? | Matter that is held together by covalent bonds. Molecular bonds.
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| When does an ionic bond form? | It is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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| What are compounds? | Matter held together by ionic bonds.
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| What holds molecules of matter together? | Vander Wall Forces
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| What type are water molecules? | Polar
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| What forms hydrogen bonds? | Water molecules
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| What is a mixture? | A material that is composed of two or more elements that can be physically separated.
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| What is a solution? What is the solute of a solution? | A type of mixture. The substance being dissolved.
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| What is the solvent of a solution? | The substance that does the dissolving.
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| What is a suspension? | A solution where a substance does not dissolve but becomes suspended in the solution.
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| What is a pH? | A scale for indicating the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
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| What contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water? | Acidic solutions
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| Acidic solutions have a pH below ...? | 7.0
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| What solutions have a pH above 7.0? | Basic(also known as alkaline)
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| What are buffers? | Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.
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| Carbon atoms have how many valence electrons? | 4.0
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| How does large chains form? | They form when carbon atoms bond together.
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| What are giant molecules called? | Macromolecules
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| What is polymerization? | A process of forming macromolecules by joining together smaller ones.
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| What are monomers? | The smaller units that are joined together to create polymers.
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| What are organic compounds? | Compounds made from carbon.
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| What are the four groups of organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
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| What are carbohydrates? | Compounds made from carbon(c), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O).
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| What uses carbohydrates as their main source of energy? | Living things
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| What provides immediate energy for cells? | The breakdown of sugars.
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| Living things store extra sugars as...? | Starches
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| What is sugar? | The monomer of the starch polymer.
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| What are monosaccharides? | Simple sugars
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| What are polysaccharides? | Large molecules formed from monosaccharides.
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| What is an example of a polysaccharide? | Glycogen
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| What are lipids mostly made from? | Carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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| Lipids can be used for what? | To store energy
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| Some lipids are important parts of ...? | Membranes and waterproof coverings
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| How does fatty acids form? | Lipids join together
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| What makes fatty acids saturated? | Fatty acids with no double-bond between carbon atoms
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| What makes fatty acids unsaturated? | When there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond
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| What are nucleic acids? | Macromolecules that contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
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| What are nucleotides? | The monomers of the nucleic acid.
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| What do nucleic acids store and transmit? | Hereditary (genetic) information
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| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | RNA and DNA
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| What are proteins? | Polymers made from amino acids.
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| What is stored in the DNA? | The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins.
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| What controls the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes? | Some proteins
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| Some proteins are used for what? | Bone, muscle, and other tissue
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| What transports substances in and out of cells and helps fight diseases? | Some proteins
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| What is a chemical reaction? | Process that changes a set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
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| What are reactants? | The elements or compounds that enter into a reaction.
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| What are products? | The elements or compounds that are produced from a chemical reaction.
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| What always involve the breaking of the bonds of reactants and the formation of new bonds in the products? | Chemical reactions
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| What kinds of chemical reactions occur spontaneously? | Reactions that release energy(exothermic)
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| What kinds of chemical reactions will not occur without a source of energy? | Reactions that absorb energy(endothermic)
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| What is activation energy? | The energy needed to get a reaction going.
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| What is a catalyst? | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
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| How does a catalyst work? | By lowering a reactions' activation energy.
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| What is an enzyme? | A protein that act as biological catalysts.
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| Enzymes provide what? | A site where reactants can be brought together to react.
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| What are substrates? | The reactants of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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| The cell theory states the following: ? | 1. All things are composed of cells, 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things, 3. New cells are produces from living cells.
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| What is a cell membrane? | A thin flexible membrane that surrounds the cell.
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| What kinds of cells have cell membranes? | All cells
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| Plants have what? | A cell wall.
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| What is the nucleus? | A larger structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cells activities.
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| What is the cytoplasm? | The material(except for the nucleus) inside the cell membrane.
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| What types of cells do not have a nucleus? | Prokaryote cells
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| What types of cells do have a nucleus? | Eukaryote cells
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| Eukaryote cells have what in the cytoplasm? | They have other structures in the cytoplasm called organelles.
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| What does the cell wall provide? | Protection and support for the cell.
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| What is chromatin? | The granular substance that is visible within the nucleus.
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| What are chromosomes? | Chromatin that has clumped together in preparation for cell division.
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| Where is the nucleolus located? | Within the nucleus and is where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
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| What is the nuclear envelope? | A double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
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| What is the cytoskeleton? | A network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape.
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| What makes up the cytoskeleton? | Microtubules and microfilaments
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| Ribosomes are...? | Where proteins are assembled within the cytoplasm
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| What is the endoplasmic reticulum? | The organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.
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| Where are proteins made(synthesized)? | The rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contain? | Collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks
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| What attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins? | Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus
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| What do lysosomes break down? | Molecules for cell nutrition as well as break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
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| What are vacuoles? | Sac like areas within the cytoplasm that are used for storage.
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| Where are chloroplasts found? | Only in plant cells.
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| What do chloroplasts do? | Transfer the energy in sunlight into substances plants can use.
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| What are mitochondria? | Organelles that release energy from stored food molecules.
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| What contains some of their own DNA? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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| What regulates what enters and leaves the cell? | The cell membrane
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| What does diffusion cause? | It causes many substances to move across the cell membrane but does not require the cell to use energy.
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| What allows some materials to pass through but not others? | A selectively permeable membrane
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| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
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| How does facilitated diffusion occur? | A substance has a chemical "helper" to get it across a membrane.
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| What is active transport? | Moves substances across a membrane from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
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| What is endocytosis? | It is where substances are taking into a cell by the membrane folds and pockets.
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| What is phagocytosis? | Taking in large particles by endocytosis
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| What is cell specialization? | Refers to the concept that cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform particular functions within the organisms.
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| What is exocytosis? | The removal of large substances from the cell.
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| How can a multicellular organism be described? | Using the levels of organization concept: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, and organ systems make up an organism.
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| What is energy? | The ability to work.
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| What is an autotroph? | An organism that can make its own food(like plants).
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| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that can't use the sun's energy directly.
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| What is adenosine triphosphate(ATP)? | One of the principle compounds used to store biological energy.
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| What are pigments? | Light absorbing chemicals
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| What is chlorophyll? | A pigment
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| What are the two types of chlorophyll important to plants? | Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
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| What are thylakoids? | Sac-like structures within the chloroplast
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| What takes place in the thylakoids? | Light dependent reaction
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| What takes place in the stroma? | The Calvin Cycle
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| Where is the stroma? | The area outside of the thylakoids
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| What can the carrier molecule NADP+ and NADPH can accept? | A pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule.
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| What does the light dependent reactions produce? | Oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
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| What does the Calvin Cycle do? | It uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars
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| What affects photosynthesis? | Light intensity, water and temperature
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| What is glycolysis? | The slow release of energy from glucose
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| How does glycolysis work? | The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three carbon compound.
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| What is cellular respiration? | The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
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| What is anaerobic? | Respiration reactions that do not require oxygen.
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